stds :: essays research papers

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)Essay written by "pci"STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) argon diseases that are contagious done sexual relative with another(prenominal) domestic partner. Usually STDs are transmitted through oral, anal, vaginal, or other sexually active agent bodily contact. Sexually Transmitted Diseases are snow% avoidable. thither are many techniques, but the most effective way is to have sexual discourse with only one partner in your livelong life, making sure that your partner didnt have sexual involvements with anyone else. Another method is a condom. A condom fits over the male erect penis, to value both partners of any diseases that may possibly exist. It is also vital to buy the right kind of condom. just about condoms are porous, which means bacteria piece of ass expire through the holes as well as sperm. A good condom would be one with a small latex tip to avoid falling out of the condom. Overall, latex condoms are good ways to pr event STDs and pregnancy, but they do break, so its not 100% guaranteed to prevent pregnancy or disease. There are many methods out there, but the most effective method is to have sexual intercourse with one partner. Who thought that sex would be tripping? Its not. Nowadays we have tons of diseases, which are fatal. Only some of them are curable, and some can be slowed down. But all of them can be prevented. The most common sexually transmitted diseases are Chlamidia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Herpes(Simplex II), NGU(Nongonicoccal Urethritis), Vaginitis, Genital Warts, Pubic Lice/Scabies, AIDS, and Hepatitis. Chlamidia is a disease, which is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse. If you had this disease, you would experience bleeding mingled with menstrual periods, abdominal pain, and painful urination. There is another term for painful urination. It is called urinary tract contagious disease. This group includes Cystititis or Urethritis caused by Gonorrhea or Chlamidia. Fortunately, this disease can be treated unlike many STDs. Actually treatment of Chlamidia is quite simple. more or less antibiotics, doxycycline, tetracycline, or zithromax will resume the problem at bottom a week a month. If this disease is not handled, urination will be more obscure due to the enlargement of the prostate gland in a male, your reproductive organs will malfunction and get damaged, and this disease can be transmitted to the fetus when a woman is pregnant. Gonorrhea is ordinarily the cause of heart trouble and abdominal problems. It is a treatable disease, which takes some time. Usually daily doses of antibiotics will cure this problem.stds essays research papers Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)Essay written by "pci"STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) are diseases that are transmitted through sexual intercourse with another domestic partner. Usually STDs are transmitted through oral, anal, vaginal, or other sexually active bodily contact. Sexual ly Transmitted Diseases are 100% avoidable. There are many techniques, but the most effective way is to have sexual intercourse with only one partner in your whole life, making sure that your partner didnt have sexual involvements with anyone else. Another method is a condom. A condom fits over the male erect penis, to protect both partners of any diseases that may possibly exist. It is also vital to buy the right kind of condom. Some condoms are porous, which means bacteria can travel through the holes as well as sperm. A good condom would be one with a small latex tip to avoid breaking of the condom. Overall, latex condoms are good ways to prevent STDs and pregnancy, but they do break, so its not 100% guaranteed to prevent pregnancy or disease. There are many methods out there, but the most effective method is to have sexual intercourse with one partner. Who thought that sex would be easy? Its not. Nowadays we have tons of diseases, which are fatal. Only some of them are curable, and some can be slowed down. But all of them can be prevented. The most common sexually transmitted diseases are Chlamidia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Herpes(Simplex II), NGU(Nongonicoccal Urethritis), Vaginitis, Genital Warts, Pubic Lice/Scabies, AIDS, and Hepatitis. Chlamidia is a disease, which is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse. If you had this disease, you would experience bleeding between menstrual periods, abdominal pain, and painful urination. There is another term for painful urination. It is called urinary tract infection. This group includes Cystititis or Urethritis caused by Gonorrhea or Chlamidia. Fortunately, this disease can be treated unlike many STDs. Actually treatment of Chlamidia is quite simple. Some antibiotics, doxycycline, tetracycline, or zithromax will cure the problem within a week a month. If this disease is not handled, urination will be more complicated due to the enlargement of the prostate gland in a male, your reproductive organs will m alfunction and get damaged, and this disease can be transmitted to the fetus when a woman is pregnant. Gonorrhea is usually the cause of heart trouble and abdominal problems. It is a treatable disease, which takes some time. Usually daily doses of antibiotics will cure this problem.

Mercury :: essays research papers

MercuryMercury is a metallic element that is a liquid at board temperature, itis one of the pitch contour elements. Mercurys atomic number is 80. It issuperconductive when cooled to within a few degrees of absolute zero. Mercurywas once known as liquid silver or quicksilver which was canvass by thealchemists. Mercury was first distinguished as an element by the French chemistAntoine Laurent Lavoisier in his experiment on the composition of air. At roomtemperature mercury is a shining, moving liquid that has a silvery-white color,and slightly volatile. Mercury remains a liquid over a wide temperature range.Mercury is a solid when given a pressure of 7640 atmospheres (5.8 million torrs).It dissolves in nitric or concentrated sulfuric acid but is resistant toalkalies. Mercury melts at -39C, boils at about 357C,and has a gravity of 13.5.The atomic weight of mercury is 200.59. Mercury comes in its pure form orcombined with silver in small amounts. It is mostly found in the form of the sulfide.Mercury has many uses and is a very important element. A major use ofmercury is in electrical equipment such as fluorescent lamps, and mercurybatteries. Mercury is used in thermometers because the change in volume foreach degree of rise or fall in temperature is the same. The use of mercury inthe thermometer quite of alcohol was done by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit in 1714.It was also used in vacuum-clean pumps, barometers, and electric rectifiers andswitches. Mercury is used in a mercury-vapor lamps which are used as a sourceof ultraviolet rays in homes and for sterilizing water. Mercury-vapor is alsoused instead of steam in the boilers of some turbine engines. Mercury issometimes used for amalgamation. Amalgamation is a metallurgical process thatutilizes mercury to dissolve silver or funds to form an amalgam. This processhas been largely supplanted by the cyanide process, in which gold or silver is

Compare and Contrast From the Motorway and The Pylons :: English Literature

Compare and Contrast From the Motorway and The PylonsThe poems From the Motorway and The Pylons both role the samesimilarities between their subject matter, themes and tone, howeverthe writes use different literary techniques to convey their message.The two poems warn the reader about the spreading of modern urbanlife. From the Motorway states how man has made Britain uniformly dulland removed her beauty.asleep in the promise of beingnowhere anyone would like to get toThis quote shows places that have not been touched by the growth ofthe motorways and how quaint and tranquil they are.this dwarfs our emerald country by its trekThis quote fromThe Pylons tells the reader how the pylons aretravelling across the country, not realising the damage they cause. but From the Motorway has a more(prenominal) jovial tone and uses a lot ofirony to include humourBritain is mending her desertThis is ironic because Britain is actually making herself into adesert and destroying kinda than mending. T he Pylons has a moreserious toneNow over these hills they have built the concreteThat trails black wirePylonsThis quote explains how the hills were peaceful until the pylons hadtaken over and that the field had been desecrated by concrete, whichwas not of the natural ground.The structure of The Pylons is of five stanzas, each of four forces,each stanza with a change in mood.That turned on emergent hidden villages.Now over these small hills, they have built the concreteThe last line of the first stanza is describing a peaceful village ,part of the countryside and the first line of the second stanza tellsthe reader of the desecration of the stone, the tone completelyshifting. From the Motorway has a structure that is all in onesentence so that it sounds like the current motorwayamongrich and ragged, sprinter and staggererThis quote simulates traffic using unpronounceable alliteration.In the beginning of The Pylons, the fist stanza is an almost dreamlocation in the middle of the co untry, ahead they were destroyedThe secret of these hills was stone, and cottagesOf that stone madeThese first two lines sound biblical. The hills are as if they hadbeen in this way forever and the cottages had been made in equilibriumwith them, of the local natural stone.And crumbling roadsThat turned on sudden hidden villagesThe villages and roads had been made without changing the landscape inany way the villages so in tune with nature that they were part ofthe landscape, and could suddenly appear round a corner on a windycountry road.The beginning of From the Motorway is more upbeat.

Obesity In the United States Essay -- Health Weight Obese Essays Diet

In America we have many issues to worry about from acquired immune deficiency syndrome to Ebola.A large worry should be the epidemic in America that has killed more then 300,00 people a year (tuberose,1). An epidemic so unvoiced that over the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in the United States? (Nutrition,1). How would you feel if I told you this very epidemic was in your house now? America is at war right now and we ar losing , this war started many years ago and has not yet been won. severally year we lose many of our beloved ones to this monster , what can we do? Obesity, the new green eyed monster, has taken over America and nothing has been done. Americans are heaviest people in the world we have been the heaviest since , the 1950s. With our growing wealth and appetites we eat way more than three meals a day, which in some countries is a alone weeks worth of food. In 1996, a U.S. Department of Agriculture study revealed that at least 33 percent of all adul ts in the United States were overweight that public figure increased to 61 percent of adults and 13 percent of children in 1999 according to the Surgeon General. In late 2001, the Surgeon Generals report verbalize 27 percent of Americans are obese and 61 percent are overweight. ( Tuberose,3)Scientists have found there are four main components working against us in this battle of the bulge, The media, our eating habits, lack of exercise, and our own individual heritage. In todays society it seems that bothwhere you look you are always be pressured into trying to make yourself better, there are signs every where you look telling you that your not pretty enough, smart enough, thin enough, or that anything you have is not slap-up enough. All this pressure that the media puts on people causes a low-down self-esteem (Tuberose,6). When people are stressed out or have a low self-esteem they produce a hormone called insulin, which increases the lipid intake causing people to gain weigh t in their midsection and buttocks, the two most life-threatening storage areas. (Susan G. Berg page 12). Not only does the media tell you that you are worth less they try to fool you into thinking that you might not be so worthless if you bought some of their products for example, diets pills. Most diets pills are dehydrators, they make you think you are losing weight when in reality you are onl... ...If we can come unneurotic and learn to live a healthier life ,full of eating right ,and exercising we can over come this monster which kills to many of our beloved ones each year. If we dont act now we might face worse consequences in the long run. According to a 1995 report by the Institute of Medicine, 59 percent of the adult population met the current definition of clinical corpulency, which qualifies the disease for epidemic status. One study predicted that if obesity continues to increase at its current rate, every single man, woman, and child will be obese by the year 2030.( Tuberose,3) Works Cited1. American family Physicians. what it takes to lose weight. Jan 1,2003. American Academic of family physicians.02/03/05. 2. Tuberose calories and obesity no posting date, Tuberose .02/03/05 3. Nutrition & Physical Activity.08/17/04.National Center for chronic diseases prevention and health. 02/03/05 4.Aliha Bauman and the editors of barroom . Fight Fat. Library of congress St. Martins press. 19985. Susan G. Berg and the editors of Prevention . Food Smart. Library of congress St. Martins press. 1998

Judgment Time :: Personal Narrative Essay

Judgment Time   Congratulations, you have a new baby boy my child-development teacher say as she handed over the 10-pound bundle.   Last year in my high school child-development class, each student had to take the Think-It-Over baby rest home for a dark to get a taste of parenthood. Even before I received the baby, I knew I was not ready to be a parent as a senior in high school. I could still remember when my brother and sister were little and I would have to take care of them on the whole the time. At least the doll had no dirty diapers I would have to change.   It was a Friday night when my turn came to take the 10-pound plastic doll home. The doll authentically did look alike(p) a live baby from a distance. It even had a pleasant baby powder smell. After I took the baby home in his car seat, I changed him into some really cute clothes because my friends and I were going out that night. I then decided to name him Tyler.   in spite of appearance the body of this doll was a computer that was programmed to reconstruct periodic crying sounds. I was the only person who could stop the crying because I had the key. This key, tied to my wrist, could be inserted in the dolls back to stop the crying. So far, so good. The doll had not cried, yet.   My friends came over, and we all piled into the car. It was kind of squished because we had the babys seat in there, too. I had to treat the doll like a real baby because the computer inside also measured any abuse to the doll, such as shaking or neglect. The hour-long drive to the eating place was uneventful. It was rather chilly, so I decided to wrap Tyler in a blanket and carry him in that way. I also had a diaper home with diapers, a bottle, and an extra set of clothes hanging on my arm.   Because it was Friday night, there were a lot of people waiting in line to get a table. When I walked into that crowded entryway, I got some very weird looks and quite a few raised eyebrows. My friend s also noticed the glares and stares, so we decided to make a game out of the whole situation. I stood in the corner pretending to rock Tyler to sleep.

The Evil of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness by Joseph

Exploring the Evil of Colonialism in essence of evil A masterpiece of twentieth-century writing, Heart of Darkness exposes the tenuous fabric that holds civilization together and the brutal horror at the center of European colonialism. Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, describes a life-altering journey that the protagonist, Marlow, experiences in the African Congo. The story explores the historical period of colonialism in Africa to exemplify Marlows struggles. Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is most often read as an attack upon colonialism. Marlow, like other Europeans of his time, is brought up to believe certain things about colonialism, but his guesss change as he experiences the effects of colonialism first hand. This essay will look at Marlows negative view of colonialism, which is shaped through his experiences and from his relation to Kurtz. Marlows understanding of Kurtzs experiences show him the effects colonialism can have on a mans soul. Most of Marlows com ments about colonization in usual seem to defend or even praise the idea. He says the conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different touch or slightly flatter noses than us is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much, but he says that such action is deliver by the idea behind it. Not a sentimental pretence but an idea, and an unselfish belief in the idea- something you can set up and incline down before, and offer a sacrifice to justifies colonization. The idea is civilization, and Marlows speech indicates that civilizing the rest of the world is worth the sacrifice of the freedom of the uncivilized peoples of the earth. Marlow further describes colonization in gl... ... to a mans soul. Marlows journey was not only into the heart of Africa, but also into the heart of Kurtz where he realizes the truth of colonialism and the potential evil it entails. Works Cited and Consulted Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness 3rd Ed. Ed. Ro bert Kimbrough. mod York Norton Critical, 1988. Edward W. Said, The World, the Text, and the Critic. (Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1983) 13. Hillman, James. Notes on White Supremacy Essaying an Archetypal Account of Historical Events, Spring (1986) 29-57. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness The European Exploration of Africa. New York Carol & Gey, 1992. Meyers, Jeffrey. Joseph Conrad. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1991. Patrick Brantlinger, Heart of Darkness Anti-Imperialism, Racism, or Impressionism? Criticism (Fall, 1985) 364.

The Evil of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness by Joseph

Exploring the Evil of Colonialism in Heart of iniquity A masterpiece of twentieth-century writing, Heart of Darkness exposes the tenuous fabric that holds civilization together and the brutal shame at the center of European colonialism. Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, describes a life-altering journey that the protagonist, Marlow, experiences in the Afri scum bag Congo. The story explores the historical period of colonialism in Africa to exemplify Marlows struggles. Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is most often read as an attack upon colonialism. Marlow, like other Europeans of his time, is brought up to believe certain things about colonialism, but his views change as he experiences the effects of colonialism first hand. This essay will look at Marlows negative view of colonialism, which is shaped through his experiences and from his relation to Kurtz. Marlows understanding of Kurtzs experiences show him the effects colonialism can have on a mans soul. Most of Marlow s comments about colonization in general seem to defend or even praise the idea. He says the achievement of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than us is not a sensibly thing when you look into it too much, but he says that such action is redeemed by the idea behind it. Not a sentimental make-believe but an idea, and an unselfish belief in the idea- something you can set up and bow down before, and offer a sacrifice to justifies colonization. The idea is civilization, and Marlows speech indicates that civilizing the nap of the world is worth the sacrifice of the freedom of the uncivilized peoples of the earth. Marlow further describes colonization in gl... ... to a mans soul. Marlows journey was not only into the heart of Africa, but excessively into the heart of Kurtz where he realizes the truth of colonialism and the potential evil it entails. Works Cited and Consulted Conrad, Joseph. Heart o f Darkness 3rd Ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York Norton Critical, 1988. Edward W. Said, The World, the Text, and the Critic. (Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1983) 13. Hillman, James. Notes on White Supremacy Essaying an prototypal Account of Historical Events, Spring (1986) 29-57. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness The European Exploration of Africa. New York Carol & Gey, 1992. Meyers, Jeffrey. Joseph Conrad. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1991. Patrick Brantlinger, Heart of Darkness Anti-Imperialism, Racism, or Impressionism? Criticism (Fall, 1985) 364.

Different Cultures

Different countries of the world experience different cultures. In light of this, at that place may be discrepancies in the way we interpret our interaction with the person from an other culture. Sometimes it may be difficult to understand or get into another culture which is different from ones own culture. In my three years of living in the States, I have had experiences based on the difference between the Korean and American culture these are in the area of non-verbal chat and appointment culture.However, I have also noticed that the social organisation of the educational system is similar. First of all, nonverbal communication is so much different between two countries. According to reading, Where Do We Stand Lisa Davis, mentioned that all countries have different nonverbal communications and personal space. Because of these, there may be misunderstandings and misinterpretations. One of the differences between the American and Korean culture is greeting. Americans greet by put up a handshake and saying hi to ein truthone, both young and old.Koreans do that only to friends or soul who are younger than people who greet. If it is someone older, we greet by bowing head. Moreover, one other mode of greeting is kissing to each one other. It is really different culture from Korea. We never kiss anyone withdraw close family members. I still find it hard to adapt to this mode of greeting. The simple communication mistakes we make at one time or the other upset the Americans. This may not be deliberate but due to the communication gap.Secondly, keeping an appointment is an indispensable condition even between friends in America. According to reading Friends and Strangers Margaret K. (Omar) Nydell, she talked about some differences of cultures and if she wants to meet another person, she needs to have a one week grace period. To me, this is strange. When I just came to America, I did not know about cultural differences. The first person I met was American-C hinese, we later became close friends. There was a times I was in severeness mood. I called her so that I can talk to her.However, told me that she did not want to talk to me because she was having her personal time and asked me to meet the following day or two days after. I thought she just did not want to meet me and did not think it could be impolite to someone else. In Korea, we usually never make an appointment with friends. Whenever the need arises, a call is made and if the other party is available to meet. Even some of my friends just come to my home without any call. Making an appointment is one of courtesies in America.Although both cultures are sometimes poles apart, there are still some similarities between both cultures. A law of similarity can be found in the educational system of both countries. I believe that all countries have the same passion about education. America students prefer attending a good school and study hard. They also like people who are well educate d. Even if there are numerous differences between other countries, Korea and America, when I study with others, we forget everything about differences and study with the same passion.It helps connect us to each other even if we come from very different countries. In conclusion, I have had so many experiences and see that there are differences between other cultures. This I have come to realize since coming to this country three years ago. It is really hard to understand each other across cultures, and sometimes it there is still a communication gap between my friends and I. However, we are can understand each other if we all make an effort. We should try to accept the differences and then we could be closer to each other.

Community Health Promotion Tool Essay

Kimberly Thomas Good Evening, I am Kimberly Thomas. Im interviewing hypertension what is a disorder that affects cardiovascular system. Lets talk near the population and treatment for hypertension. There are a lot of medications for hypertension. What is hypertension? Where do you start for treatment?Hypertension Hypertension is high blood pressure. Well, in that respect are several medication treatments for hypertension. Most doctor start patients with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), which is a diuretic. Diuretics are basically known as a water pill, which helps omit excess sodium and water from the body. Second most common medicine for hypertension is beta blockers. Beta blockers help the heart to beat a pokey pace with less force. Again, there are several other medication treatments for hypertension, and your primary care physicians will discuss what options are best for you.Kimberly Thomas Ok, thank you. Who are at risk of hypertension?Hypertension There are some cultures that a re more at risk than others. However, certain conditions and habits can regorge everyone at risk for high blood pressure. According to Hypertension (n.d.), Its more common in African American adults than in Caucasian or Hispanic American adults. African Americans tend to get high blood pressure early in life. Also, Puerto Rican adults aim higher rates of hypertension than any other Hispanic group.Kimberly Thomas Why do you think African Americans and Puerto Ricans are more at risk than any other culture?Hypertension There are several factors why these two cultures are more at risk than other cultures. According to Hypertension (n.d.), The main factor is the picking of food both cultures eat. Both cultures diet include too much salt.Kimberly Thomas Heredity is a factor correct? Can the individual debate some of the risk factors?Hypertension Yes to both of your questions. There are a few things you can do to manage your high blood pressure. If youre overweight, its highly recommen d that you start exercising. Eat healthy food low in saturated fat, Trans fat, cholesterol and salt. Limit your alcohol intake, and stop smoking. Always, take medicine the way your doctor tells you.Kimberly Thomas I absolutely agree with that.Kimberly Thomas What about violation it has on cost?Hypertension According to Hypertension (n.d.), In 2010, high blood pressure was projected to cost the United States $93.5 billion in health care services, medications, and missed days of work.Kimberly Thomas How does hypertension impact the society?Hypertension The number 1 cause of death in the United States throughout most of the 20th century. Unfortunately, whether the hypertension is treated or untreated, solely 34% of Americans with hypertension have their blood pressure controlled to 140/90. An estimated 30 to 35 million Americans have uncontrolled hypertension, and are therefore at unduly increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Kimberly Thomas I completely agree with you. I think the number one problem we still have today is that there are many people out there who are not being adequately treated. People who are denial of their problem, is hapless because there is help for them. Kimberly Thomas Well, thats all for today and Thank you for your time.ReferencesHypertension. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/hypertension/faqs.htm http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/basics/definition/con-20019580

Greek Mythology Research Paper Essay

Do you know any historical background on the word lusus naturae? Greek and papist mythology is present all around us. many a(prenominal) new and interesting manner of speaking were created from the Greeks. There are many types of myths that we hear about including gods, goddesses, mythical hacekes, some other heroes, monsters, and villains. When looking up these myths, research will provide that many of the words we say today come from these gods and goddesses. An example of this is the words gigantic and giantism comes from devil.The word giant has a long, unique, and mysterious background. According to dictionary. com, hulk is precise large abnormally great development in size. (dictionary. com) Prior to my search, I predicted that a giant was a very large man that lived in the forest and had no connection with either gigantic nor gigantism. I inferred this beca determination of movies and books. When I saw the word gigantic I remember hearing it and I apprehension it me ant a large person, but I had no idea it was colligate to Greek or Roman mythology.Gigantism puzzled me because Ive never perceive it before. As I came across the definition of gigantic, I found out that it meant very large which connects to giant and gigantism. (dictionary. com) upon conducting research, I learned more about the solution word giant, coming across schooling about its etymology and actual story behind it. Perrizo 2 Giants roots go all the counselling back before gods or even humans existed. The etymology relates back to Greek mythology the giants were the children of Uranus and Gaea.They were involved in a conflict with the Olympian gods called the Gigantomachy, which was eventually settled when the hero Heracles decided to help the Olympians. The Greeks believed some giants lay buried from that time under the earth and that they resulted in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Many stories stomach been written about giants in lots of cultures. In Norse mytholog y, the giants are the origin of most of various monsters, and in the eventual battle of Ragnarok the giants will storm Asgard and defeat them in war.The gods themselves were related to the giants by many marriages, and there are giants such as ? gir, Loki, Mimir and Ska? i, who have little difference in status to them. In Bulgarian mythology, giants called ispolini inhabited the footing before modern humans. They lived in the mountains, fed on raw meat and often fought against dragons. Ispolini were afraid of blackberries which posed a danger of tripping and dying, so they offered sacrifices to that plant. Giants foot for the Basque people not willing to convert to Christianity who decides to stick to the old life style and customs in the forest.Sometimes they hold the secret of ancient techniques and perception unknown to the Christians, like in the legend of San Martin Txiki, while their most outstanding feature is their strength. It follows that in many legends all over the Ba sque territory the giants are held accountable for the creation of many stone formations, hills and old structures, with similar explanations provided in different spots. There are many similarities and differences in the words giant, gigantic, and gigantism. Gigantic is big very large, tall, or bulky.Giant is a very tall imaginary creature in fairy tales and legends, an imaginary being who resembles a human but is untold taller, larger, and stronger. Perrizo 3 Gigantism is the quality of being giant the quality or condition of being much taller, larger, or stronger than is usual. These three definitions are similar to for each one other because all of them have to do with being large. Today these words are all used to describe how tall, strong, or big someone is. every of these words also share the same Greek, Roman, and other origins. These he creatures.This particular word has a very long and precise background, whereas gigantic and gigantism have a short and not informational background. Not only is the word giant relevant in todays world, famous playwright William Shakespeare alludes to the word in one of his plays. In Shakespeares play much ado about nothing, Claudio uses the word giant in act 1 scene 3. He is then a giant to an ape but then is an ape a doctor to such a man. (line 2276) Shakespeare uses the monsters name as an illusion to illustrate the coincidence between a giant, an ape, and man.Perhaps Shakespeare wanted to show the difference between stupid and so-called smart. Giant is being used to illustrate that a giant and an ape are two unintelligent creatures. Aside from Shakespeares use of the word, giant is used in the following quote from measure for measure. O, I do fear thee, Claudio and I quake, lest thou a fevorous life shouldest entertain, and six or seven winters more respect than a perpetual honor. Darest thou die? The intellect of death is most apprehension and the poor beetle that we tread upon, in corpual sufferance finds a pang as great as when a giant dies. (isabell). The word giant is used in reference to emphasize the greatness of a giant dieing with Claudio dying. perrizo 4 Whether giant is used in Shakespeare or other forms of literature, the words etymology seems to be prevalent in todays world. The word Is regularly used today, ranging from a gas company, to a disability center. The general center of giant hasnt changed over time, but only people who are educated about the word know its true mythical meaning. For example gigantism organization is an organization for the tallest people in the world.I did not find a relevant industry on website on giant or gigantic. When theme this paper, I learned a plethora of information about the word giant, and its ethnic background. Not only did I learn about this interesting monster, I gained experience on learning how to evaluate reliable sources and search the web cautiously. This essay taught me that the majority of the words we use today have an origi ns that dates back to Roman and Greek times. Giant originated the words gigantic and gigantism, and I found a great deal of information that connected giant to both of the other words.Furthermore, placement the information necessary to complete the project was easy and fast, but then I began to write my report, I had to think about where to start and how to organize the information I had into a cohesive essay. Finally,, I learned that people can misconstrue the meanings of words easily if they do not understand or use the words correctly. All people need to develop their communication skills and look up unfamiliar words or inquire about the origin of words so they learn about the amazing history of our amazing language. Perrizo 5 Works cited et, al.http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/giant. N. p. , 6 2012. Web. 6 Nov 2012. burton, robert. http//www. bartleby. com/100/151. 5. html. N. p.. Web. 11/6/2012. encyclopaedia britannica online . http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/to pic/232937/giant. encyclopedia Britannihjca, 24 2012. Web. 7 Nov 2012. Lindemans, Micha F.. giant. http//www. pantheon. org/articles/g/giant. html. N. p. , 03 1997. Web. feb 24 2004. shakespeare. merchant of venice. http//www. opensourceshakespeare. org/concordance/o/? i=768422&pleasewait=1&msg=sr. university 2012. Web. 2007-2012.

Keeping Pets Essay

Nowadays keeping pets is gaining increasing popularity. The relationship between human and animals are always changing. To dumbfound with, pets canister keep a good company to citizenry so as to bring pleasure and drive away loneliness. After a massive period of staying to set outher, people view their lovely pets as an old friend and change surface as family members. When people have something unhappy and do not demand to tell anyone else, we can always talk with our pets,though they dont understand at all. It is true that my friend , jenny,who grew up with an absentee father and a peripatetic mother. I think Jenny is very unfortunate. However, she is very optimistic almost her life. Because when she was young,her mom worried about nobody can take care of her, so she bought a dog for her. Jenny named its Beef and it is really a lovely dog. It often does some antics to make her laugh and warms her up. At the present, Jenny does not complain about her family or indulge herself like some other kids from a single parent family. She said that Beef always stays with her and relieves this loneliness to some extent. From Jenny/s experience , I feel the need to have another living being to share our daily lives.On the other hand, in contemporary society, many intelligent animals have been trained to be a doorkeepers since long time ago. It is reported that pets can often avoid thieves stealing something valuable from peoples house .Because busy work make people enable to dismiss the suggestion as trivial ,but thanks to smart pets today we can live in a safe and comfortable environment. On the contrary, there are also many stray animals in the society. Sometimes their owners abolish them or they just lose the way. It is actually a serious problem,but people often ignore this issue. I think that we should find a shelter to help them even though we cannot adopt all of the pets . If we meet those stray animals, we have the responsibility to protect them in order th at the relationship between animals and people will get better and better. Otherwise, animals are likely to become aggressive.

De-icing operations at Minnesota Saint Paul

Executive SummaryThis study explains the consequences of research into how de-icing operations at manganese Saint Paul could be improved. The findings were that this circulariseport should utilize a combining of infrared warming and anti bar crop-dusting in lay to defrost aircraft in a fast, safe, cost effectual and environmentally friendly manner. The de-icing procedure is called the thrust finished scheme and this study has backed up its investigate th uptight elaborate computations and the usage of a determination matrix to compare the benefits of the thrust through method against utilizing others. Although there are approximately jobs such as its comparatively long vengeance work of 2.5 old ages, plus risk the aerodrome may occupy to pay l icingnse fees due to patents on the engineering, the benefits of the thrust through method outweigh these drawbacks. One ground for this is that afterward the payback period the airdrome leave behind do an one-year economy of c lose $ 7,080,000IntroductionRationale for the researchThe procedure of taking ice, hoar or snow from the surface of an aircraft is known as aircraft de-icing. This is an indispensable edge because if these substances accumulate on an aeroplane they leave behind magnify the retarding force force that the plane experiences. This allow cut down the ability of its wings to bring forrad adequate lift force to let it to take-off or tactic whilst in flight. anyhow, harm could be caused if a big piece of ice dislodges from the plane and hits keen constituents like its engine. This could take to riders losing their lives in a clang and others losing their belongingss. The Federal Aviation Administration, FAA, modulate all major civil air baron operations in America. One of their regulations is that aircraft must be free of ice before takeoff and during flight.BackgroundThis study uses Minneapolis Saint Paul ( MSP ) airdrome, Minnesota, as its primary instance survey. This is because a ircraft at this airdrome often needs to undergo have up ones minding as a consequence of the cold clime before, during and after overwinter in that part. MSP airdrome spans 3,400 estates, has five tracks, five de-icing tablets and served more than 32 million travelers in 2009 doing it 15th in the United States andA 30th in the universe in footholds of figure of riders served yearly. ( MSP Airport, 2010 )De-icing is curtly carried out at MSP airdrome by operators who spray an ethylene-glycol based aircraft de-icing unstable onto planes. Storm H2O drains to roll up the waste fluid, before it is transported by a truck to a recycling knowledgeability to be treated. It needs intervention because its high Biochemical substance Oxygen Demand ( BOD ) makes it harmful to the environment.Research Aims and AimsThis probe aims to happen a method and chemical to utilize for de-icing planes which is more environmentally friendly, cheaper and faster than that which is pre displacely used i n MSP airdrome.It should be a good radical engineering which eliminates/reduces all the jobs that the current de-icing method causes without bring forradering damaging side effects.These purposes will be achieved by finishing the undermentioned aimsIdentify a shift de-icing fluid which has the same/better de-icing functionality but costs little and is safer than the one presently used in MSP airdrome.Find a better manner to reuse the waste de-icing fluidEnsure that the new utility chemical al kickoff de-icing fluid to be recycledFind another manner to take snow from aircraftGENERIC see PROCESSAdministrations frequently use a generic design procedure as they turn a merchandise thought into a manufactured spirit level. Using a systematic, good organised designed procedure helps to cut down the research and development primp that a fresh merchandise experiences. The design team for this labor movement used a generic design procedure and the actions that they took at each(p renominal) phase are detailed at a lower placeMerchandise Planning First the squad used merchandise planning to assist do that dependable and valid research was carried out directly off. This started this by keep backing a intervention in which they clarified the purpose and aims of the proletariat. Then they identified their strengths and failings in copulation to these aims to assist them take which responsibilities they were responsible for. Finally they agreed upon timescales in which to accomplish each aim.Designation of Customer Needs Customers demands guided the squad s merchandise inventions that were found. The squad held interviews with a representative from each major stakeholder group in the air hose industry, such as the air hose director and spray operator, to let them to voice their demands. This made it easier for the squad to put merchandise specifications and design a merchandise that they would O.K. .Constitution of Product Specifications The client demands were ranked in order of their importance. The rank of each demand was relative to a weighting, tungsten, which was later used in a determination matrix. This information was used to bring forth merchandise specifications which were further defined utilizing prosodies.Coevals of merchandise thoughts A insight was held to bring forth merchandise thoughts. This was utile because it encouraged the squad to construct thoughts on top of one another. From this they saw similarities between thoughts and linked some of them to specify a entire antecedent engineering.Choice of merchandise thoughts A determination matrix was used to quantitatively compare the importance of each client demand in relation to the merchandise thoughts. The merchandise with the highest mark was selected for proving.Testing The entire rootage engineering was further evaluated in footings of its public presentation and economic viability. Because it was authentically good its specifications were was sent to in dustries so that they could construct a paradigm. cipher 1 An object lesson of the generic design procedureFigure 1 illustrates the merchandise design methodological abstract which begins with merchandise planning and ends with proving and industry. The flecked lines show that if one phase of the design procedure did non give advantageous consequences the squad would travel one or duplex phases back in order to polish their old purposes. Then they would progress through each phase of the procedure once more until they reached the concluding exam and fabrication phase. This process of measuring and re-assessing merchandise developments ensured that hapless designs were eliminated or improved before they reached the streaking and industries phase.NeedAssorted clients have an involvement in aircraft de-icing operations these persons are referred to as stakeholders. The success of this venture will depend on how good it meets the demands of these persons. Hence, the squad evaluat ed each stakeholder s demand utilizing an interview and ranked it harmonizing to its importance.Information GatheringThe stakeholders were identified on the footing on who will pay for, sell, usage and perish the de-icing engineering, these included air hose pilots and riders etc. They were interviewed and their responses are summarised below.Spray operatorQ1 How do you defrost a plane? A container on a truck is filled with de-icing fluid which is assorted with H2O to a 50 % concentration by volume. I sit in an enwrap cabin and warmness the fluid onboard the truck to 70oC before I spray it onto the plane until all the ice thaws. Airport directorQ2 How of import is the BOD of a de-icing fluid? Very of import, we pay the intervention works about $ 0.35 per US gallon and the monetary value goes up if the BOD additions. Our airdrome is fined if the BOD5 discharged to the environment exceeds 900 metric tons per twelvemonth.Q3 How long would you anticipate to wait for a return on your investing? 1.5-2 old ages Q4 How much does ethylene glycol cost? The norm is $ 5-7 per gallon. Q5 What safeguards were interpreted since your last incident? We thought of retraining staff, but now operations are run by an outsourced concern.De-icing tablets and a drainage system were installed. Aircraft directorQ6 What do you count of incorporating a warming system onto aircraft? Not ideal for commercial planes because it s expensive Air traffic accountantQ7 How severe is the break caused by aircraft de-icing? During the extremum of the winter season there are regular holds. Aircraft must be de-iced once more if they exceed a holdover clip of 5 proceedingss. Ranking of demands and sanity check The squad identified the most of import stakeholder demands and ranked them as listed below.Each demand was given a weighting, tungsten, harmonizing to its rank as helping of a sanity cheque .Table 1 The rank of each stakeholder demand and its weightingNeedWeight-ing, tungstenReasons1 ) Safety4Safety was the top concern of every stakeholder.Aircraft at MSP airdrome bottomland but transport riders if they obey safety ordinances set by the FAA.2 ) LifeCost3Some stakeholders disagreed on fiscal issues sing how much hard currency should be spent on certain points. e.g most spray operators would wish luxury de-icing cabins whereas airdrome directors would instead put the money. provided, all stakeholders agreed that no de-icer with a high sustenance-time cost would be acceptable.3 ) Speed2Slow de-icing can do net income losingss due to detain flights.4 )Environmental impact1Although the airdrome will be fined for doing inordinate pollution these costs are usually clothed by clients.Constitution OF PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONSMost of the demands highlighted by stakeholders were expressed in a qualitative mode. They needed to be converted into specifications in order to avoid fiddling to that degree expensive betterments being made to MSP airdrome. To make this the worst i nstance de-icing conditions that could potentially take topographic point at MSP airdrome were defined and as portion of saneness cheque. Following prosodies were used set up specifications for merchandise and procedure design methods that could get by with the worst instance de-icing scenarios at the airdrome.Specification 1 Annual length of operationThe day of the months in which the planes will necessitate to be de-iced scopes from November to early April because on these day of the months the temperature in Minneapolis Saint Paul is below stop deading.Therefore, any new de-icing method must be able to run through this period of 5 months and 1 hebdomad ( 157 yearss ) every twelvemonth. ( Figure 2 )Figure 2- The mean last temperature in MSP every twelvemonth from 1971-2000Specifications 2 The instance survey aircraft and its ice coverageThe mass of ice on a plane was calculated utilizing a worst instance scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial rider planes the Bo eing-747 ( BBC, 2007 ) needed to be de-iced.It was assumed that the top artless of two its wings was covered by a 1cm thick make out of ice.Flying plain ( Boeing-747 ) = 541.2 M2 ( Airliners, 2010 )Ice Thickness = 0.01mIce Coverage 100 %i playscript of ice on wings, Volice = 5.412 M3 ( App. 1, Eqn 1 )Density of ice, I?ice = 917kg/m3 ( Kotz, 2009 )i Mass of ice, = 4962.8 kilogram ( App. 1, Eqn 2 )Specifications 3- Heating DutyLatent combust of union of ice= 333 kJ/Kg ( Bird, 2003 )i Minimum warming responsibility = 1652.6 MJ ( App 1, Eqn 3 )Specifications 4 The utility de-icing fluidThe atmospheric temperature in MSP airdrome during the de-icing season is 20oF ( -29oC ) then the replacement ADF stop deading point must be less than 20oC in order to keep its functionality. Additionally it must supply a freezing point depression of more than 20oC as a consequence of this ambient temperature. All the stakeholders agreed that merchandise safety is of topmost importance, so the re placement ADF should be less cyanogenic than ethylene-glycol. Additionally they agree that the one-year natural stuff costs of the new cubing method should be less than that of the current method. Two shipway to make this are to utilize less cubing fluid per plane in the first case this should be less than the 408 gallons per aircraft required by the current de-icing method ( App. 1, Eqn. 9 ) , or to recycle the de-icing fluid.GENERATION AND SCREENING OF IDEASThe squad worked separately and brainstormed together to assist maximize the figure of good thoughts that were generated. Whilst making so they reflected upon the merchandise specifications to and stakeholder demands to assist test thoughts.De-icing IdeasDe-icing boots Rubber boots are attached to the front borders of wings on the plane. The aircraft inflates these boots with air to do ice that take ice that has accumulated on them. An unacceptable riskiness of utilizing this method in MSP is that the system must be activa ted every collation shortly as a before an big ice bed can organize and hit other parts of the plane when it dislodges.Bleed air- In this method hot air from the aircraft engines is blasted on to the ice to run it. Although this could run ice unfeignedly rapidly the airdrome director at MSP airdromes commented that incorporating vexing systems on to aircraft is non ideal for commercial planes because it s expensive .Mechanical scraping/BlowingEmployees use coppices, or fabrics to physically force ice off the aircraft. This method would be really easy to set into pattern at MSP because the equipment the required is really inexpensive. But it is more likely that harm will be done to aeroplanes as the employees scrape ice so the resulting aircraft care cost is could be really high.A propylene dihydric alcohol based de-icing fluid Propylene diol is a popular de-icing fluid and is regarded as non-toxic, hence it was chosen for farther probe. close MatrixThe interviews that were conducted with the stakeholders highlighted that some client demands are more of import than others. Although the importance of some specific demands differed in each stakeholder group four demands were systematically rated as indispensable.These standards were analysed in a determination matrix with weighing Markss taken from Table 1Table 2- Decision Matrix which focuses on the alternate deinking methodsOptionEthylene Glycol( Benchmark ) APropylene Glycol infrared frequency + Propylene-glycolStandardsBurdeningtungstenRatingMarkRatingMarkRatingMarkSafetyA 5210420735Life CostA 4520520624SpeedA 3A 515A 416618Environmental impactA 2A 12A 510614EntireA 14A 1347A 1866A 2591Harmonizing to this determination matrix the best de-icing solution should be based on a crew of infrared and propylene glycol de-icers is the best as this option has the highest sore. The 2nd best method would be to utilize an ADF which is based on propene ethanediol instead than ethylene ethanediol.SELECTION OF IDEASA comparing of ethylene-glycol and propylene ethanediols based de-icing fluidsThe most freezing point sedatives in aircraft de-icing fluids in the US are ethylene ethanediol ( EG ) and propylene ethanediol ( PG ) . Because PG and EG have a similar life-time cost, in this chapter the chemicals will be compared at a 50 % concentration by volume in footings of their safety, de-icing velocity and environmental impact because these are three of the most of import needs the stakeholders.SafetyEthylene ethanediol has a comparatively high toxicity when compared to Propylene-Glycol. It has been classed by the US Congress as a risky air pollutant ( HAP ) , if 2268 kilogram or more flights into the environment within 24 hours users are get to describe the event under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act ( CERCL ) . However propylene ethanediol is non classified as a HAP, and users are non required to inform CERCL if it is released.Both chemicals are sai d to be non-lethal if foundings if they are breathed in with air or adsorbed through tegument. However, unlike PG, EG is toxic to worlds and mammals if it is ingested straight. Even though PG it is regarded as non-toxic it is still a wellness jeopardy because it uses O as it biodegrades which could do some beings to smother.De-icing SpeedThe freezing point of Propylene-glycol is -34oC which is roughly higher than ethylene-glycol which freezes at -37oC. This is one of the grounds why MSP airdrome still uses EG. Another is that a lower volume of antifreeze is required for EG to accomplish the same freeze point depression as PG.MSP airdrome suffers severe conditions extremes so it needs to utilize an ADF which is dependable, particularly in highly cold conditions as this is by and rangy when it takes longer to defrost aircraftPropylene-glycol s boiling point is 106oC whereas ethene ethanediol has a boiling point of 102.2oC for ethene ethanediol. In this instance Propylene-glycol is the better hook because it can reassign rage to frost at a higher temperature than ethylene ethanediol.DiscussionThere are some drawbacks with respect to utilizing ethylene ethanediol as a de-icing fluid, particularly refering its environmental impact. But, overall EG and PG have a similar de-icing public presentation degree.The Rate of Melting due to Heat conductivity EntirelyThe ADF is maniaed to 70oC before it is sprayed onto the plane, this heat entirely will do the ice to run through heat conductivity.The rate of this warming was calculated utilizing equation 1a,1a )Where Q= is the heat flow rate in the X- focusing in kJ/s, A is the country normal to the way of heat flow in M2, dT/dx is the temperature gradient and K is the thermic conduction of iceThe thermic conduction of ice at -20oC is 2.39 W/mK, the country normal to the way of heat flow is equal to the flying country of the Boeing 747 =541.2m2, the temperature diversity that occurs is ( 70oC- -20oc ) =90oC and the th ickness of the ice x is 0.01m.Therefore the rate of heat transportation by the temperature of the de-icing fluid alone is2a )The reasonable heat is kJ ( App. 1, Eqn 12 )The latent heat of merger is 1652612.4 kJ, ( App.1, Eqn 3 )Summarizing the above gives the sum of het required to run the ice on a Boeing 747 from a starting temperature of -20oC which isHence minimal clip that it would take to run the ice on the plane by heat conductivity entirely isThis is a really fast clip, particularly as harmonizing to the undertaking brief, de-icing at MSP airdrome usually takes 10 proceedingss per plane. One ground ground for this difference is due to the fact that the ADF fluid is non ever in full affair with ice, merely its bottom surface is. Additionally these computations assume that heat transportation occurs over the whole of each flying equally, which is non the instance in existent life because de-icing fluid is sprayed onto the wing in different locations consistently. A concluding cause of this difference could be due to the fact that snow has a lower heat conduction, K, than ice and so any snow on a plane would take down the rate of heat transportation from the ADF.Entire SOLUTION TECHNOLOGYDrive-Through De-icingFigure 3 An illustration of the thrust through de-icing engineeringThe concluding design construct was to carry on de-icing operations as a thrust through system.First the aircraft enters the Infrared airdock where and warm air blows snow of its wings whilst they are heated by infrared radiation for a typical continuance of 5-10 proceedingss. Ice on the plane thaws onto an inclined incline and the effluent is channelled into the waste aggregation zone.Water is channelled through bing storm H2O pipes into substructure to the located under the floor of the crop-dusting and waste aggregation country. The effluent is pumped out and transferred by a truck into the airdrome s detainment pools.When the effluent has been removed compaction stoppers are rem oved and the plane moves into the spraying country. Here it is sprayed with propene ethanediol for up to 5 proceedingss to assist forestall any ice forming on it before takeoff.The propene ethanediol drains into a separate country of the aggregation chamber and is pumped to a detainment pool until it is due to be recycled. Finally the compaction plus are reinstalled so the system is ready to defrost another plane.Recycling SolutionMinneapolis presently uses three Glycol Recovery Vehicles to roll up effluent. Using the IR installation eliminates the demand to defrost aircraft utilizing ethanediol by around 90 % , so no more of these vehicles will necessitate to be bought if the new engineering is adopted. Besides the airdrome has saved capital costs by utilizing their bing storm H2O drains to roll up twain ethanediol and storm H2O. These storm drains can and should go on to be used if MSP airdrome adopts the Drive-Through De-icing system to salvage hard currency and clip during the installing of the new system. Harmonizing to ( Big book ) Careful direction of the keeping systems enables the airdrome to roll up adequate effluent with high ethanediol concentrations to do glycol recycling/recovery economically feasible. The bulk of ethanediol which is recycled is sold to makers who use it in other glycol-based merchandises.Analysis OF ECONOMIC VIABLITYRate of return on investing ( ROI )3a )Payback Time3b )=2.5 old agesUnfortunately the payback clip on the thrust through de-icing method is non fast plenty to fulfill the Airport Directors at MSP who expect a payback clip of 1.5-2 old ages . A higher rate of return on investing would cut down the payback clip so it would be wise to look into extra ways to cut down the cost of de-icing utilizing this engineering, and ways to better its efficiency.Patent issuesBecause this entire solution engineering uses de-icing methods which have been used in industry antecedently, but it combines them in a alone manner it is h ard to measure whether or non it can be patented. Furthermore, it is expected that it would take a long clip to patent the merchandise even if it were possible because of its complexness and usage of old de-icing thoughts. The writer has recommended that MSP airdrome consults a attorney sing these affairs if they do non necessitate to utilize the de-icing solution instantly. If MSP airdrome do necessitate to utilize the engineering instantly they might hold to pay licence fees to one or more patent proprietors.DecisionThe findings from this probe have shown that the solution engineering that MSP airdrome should utilize to better its aircraft de-icing solution involves utilizing infrared warming and a propene ethanediol as a utility chemical for ethylene-glycol. The procedure is called the thrust through method and the major advantages of this intercrossed solution are that it meets the demands of its stakeholders by being safe, holding a low life-time cost, fast aircraft de-icing rate and low environmental impact. Evidence of this has been provided through a determination matrix and several mathematical ratings.Unfortunately this solution has a payback clip of 2.5 old ages, so research should be carried out to uncover how to do the one-year rate of return on the investing higher. Finally, this intercrossed system uses patented engineering so MSP airdrome might hold to pay license fees for a figure of old ages if it used the thrust through method. However, after the payback period the one-year economy of $ 70,844,300 per twelvemonth outweighs any of these drawbacks.Further RecommendationsFind ways to cut the operating cost of the Drive-Through De-icing system as this will raise the one-year rate of return that this engineering provides. If the rate of return is high plenty the payback clip will drop below 2 old ages and the airdrome directors in MSP will hold this demand fulfilled.Use hot air to blow snow off the aircraft in the IR airdock. This will assist t o run the snow and ice lavishnessively, nevertheless the cost of warmin+3.0g air may countervail the benefit of a faster de-icing clip. Nb, as shown by the weightings, tungsten, in Table 1, the life-time cost of the engineering is more of import that the de-icing velocity that it provides.MentionsBooks and DiariesBird J.O. , 2003, Science for technology, pp. 205, Newnes, 2003, UKKetler P. , Mosher M. , Scott A. , 2008, Chemistry The Practical Science, media enhanced edition, Cengage Learning, pp. 478, UKKotz J.C. , Paul T. , Townsend R.J. , 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Cengage Learning, pp. 15, USATsokos K.A. , 2010, Cambridge physical science for the IB Diploma, pp. 172, Cambridge University Press, UKSinnot R.K. , 2005, Coulson and Richardson s Chemical Engineering Series Chemical Engineering Design, pp. 439, Butterworth-Heinmann, UKOnline ResourcesMSP Airport, 2010, About Us, hypertext transfer protocol //www.mspairport.com/about-msp.aspx, 24/10/2010RSS Weather, 2003 , Minneapolis-St. Paul, hypertext transfer protocol //www.rssweather.com/climate/Minnesota/Minneapolis-St.Paul, 23/10/10Airliners.Net, 2010, The Boeing 747-400, hypertext transfer protocol //www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main? id=100, 20/10/2010BBC, 25/10/2007, A380 superjumbo lands in Sydney, hypertext transfer protocol //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7061164.stm, 19/10/2010Energy Information Administration, October 2010, Electric Power Monthly, hypertext transfer protocol //www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm.pdf, 15/10/2010Wingss Magazine, 2007, Infrared De-icing Giving glycol a tally for its money, hypertext transfer protocol //www.wingsmagazine.com/content/view/1325/38/ , 23/10/10APPENDICIESAppendix 1Specifications 2 -The instance survey aircraft and its ice coverageThe mass of ice on a plane was calculated utilizing a worst instance scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial rider planes the Boeing-747 ( BBC, 2007 ) needed to be de-iced. It was assumed that the top country of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick bed of ice.Flying country ( Boeing-747 ) = 541.2 M2Ice Thickness = 0.01mIce Coverage 100 % of flying country( 1 )Density of ice, I?ice = 917kg/m3 ( Kotz, 2009 )( 2 )Specifications 3 -Heating DutyThe ice on the aircraft needed to be provided with adequate energy to get the better of its 333kJ/Kglatent heat of merger, L, to run.The sum of heat energy, Q, required to accomplish this was calculated utilizing Equation 3( 3 )( Bird, 2003 )Specifications 4 The utility de-icing fluidIn this subdivision the volume of ethene ethanediol and propene ethanediol needed to defrost a individual Boeing-747 will be calculated and compared. The prosodies are based upon a 50 % by volume solution of each chemical.Volume of Ethylene Glycol RequiredThe freeze point depression of an ideal solution is given by the reflection( 5 )Where a?Tf represents the freeze point depression, m, is the solute concentration andKf represents th e freeze point depression invariable of H2O which is 1.86AKAkg/ groin ( Kilter P. , Mosher M. and Scott A. Andrew Scott, 2008 )The coveted freeze point depression, a?Tf is 20oC because winter temperatures in MSP autumn to that temperature, harmonizing to the undertaking brief.( 6 )The figure of moles of ethanediol required to accomplish the freeze point depression( 7 )The chemical expression of ethylene-glycol is CH2OHCH2OHMr Carbon = 12, Oxygen=16, Hydrogen=1iMr ethene ethanediol = 2*16+2*12 + 1*6= 62 g/molTherefore the mass of ethylene-glycol required per plane is( 8 )The denseness of UCAR ADF at 20oC is 8.9 lb/gal ( US ) ( 1.07 kg/L ) ( SAE AMS 1424 Ethylene Glycol-Based Type I Fluids page 8 )Therefore the volume of ethylene-glycol required is at least 408 US gallons( 9 )Because the de-icing fluid used in MSP airdrome is 50 % ethylene-glycol and about 50 % H2O, defrosting a individual plane would necessitate duplicate the sum of ADF which works out at 6,184 liters.The cost of eth ene ethanediol per aircraftIn general the chemical constituents in de-icing fluids, such as H2O, have a sum cost which is well less than that of ethylene-glycol. Hence the cost of these constituents in de-icing unstable solutions as deemed undistinguished and ignored.Harmonizing to the airdrome director that was interviewed the minimal cost of a gallon of ethene ethanediol is $ 5 per US gallon( 10 )In MSP airdrome there is an norm of 293 takeoffs per twenty-four hours from 5 de-icing tablets ( MSP Airport, 2010 )Assuming that during the de-icing season in MSP lasts 157 yearss and every plane needs to be de-iced the one-year cost of ADF is about( 11 )fair heat requiredHarmonizing to the undertaking brief winter temperatures in Minneapolis Saint Paul autumn to-20oC. Ice must be brought to its runing point of 0oC before it can undergo a stage alteration from solid to liquid.Where Cp is the specific heat capacity of ice at -20oC which is 2 kJ/kg/K, ( Tsokos KA, 2010 ) , m is the mass o f ice and a?T is the temperature difference( 12 )Harmonizing to Wingsmagazine ( 2010 ) Ian Sharkey, the manager of de-icing services, with Radiant Aviation Services stated that during an ice storm on March 15-16, 2007 his squad had an norm aircraft block clip ( aircraft brakes on to brakes off ) of less than 43 proceedingss for big aircraft hence it was assumed that the Boeing 747 could be de-iced in this timeframe every bit good. This information was used to gauge the power that the IR deice would necessitate to convey the ice on an aircraft from -15oC to 0oC in 43 proceedingss,( 13 )Latent heat requiredNext was calculated which is the power needed to run the ice on the aircraft at 0oC in 47 proceedingss.( 14 )Therefore the entire power needed to run ice on the aircraft in 43 proceedingss by utilizing infrared deink engineering, QIR is( 15 )To do the value of QIR more realistic some exposit refering the sum of energy loss, between the heat beginning and the wing were added. Fr om this the excess power that the optical maser will necessitate to give out in order to get the better of the inferred energy lost as between the beginning and its finish ( transport efficiency ) and the energy lost due to contemplation by the ice on the surface of the wing ( absorption efficiency ) was calculated.Laser device efficiency, Ilaser=0.33, Transport efficiency, Itransport = 0.75 Absorption efficiency, Iabsorbtion =0.75The optical maser device, conveyance and soaking up efficiencies cut down the sum of energy that heats the ice. This is called the efficiency loss, 1-Ii, and it was calculated as follows,( 16 )Hence,( 17 )Similarly,( 18 )Hence, the per centum excess energy, , required to cover for these energy losingss is( 19 )In existent footings( 20 )From this the entire IR power required to run ice from ice from its initial temperature of -20oC( 21 )= 586kW+227.9kW +1090.5kW= 1904.4 kilowattCost of de-icing utilizing IR energyConvert to kWh,The entire IR energy demand w as converted into kWh as the de-icing clip of about 43 proceedingss for a Boeing 747 in highly rough conditions ( wingsmagazine, 2010 )( 22 )In Minnesota during 2010 the Average Retail Monetary value of Electricity to Ultimate clients within was $ 0.068 per kWh ( Electric power monthly, 2010 )Therefore the estimated the cost of defrosting a Boeing 747, by IR radiation in 43 proceedingss is( 23 )We must account for the cost of anti-icing fluid this 10 % of the normal sum of ethanediol( 24 )Hence,( 25 )This system runs for 157days, with 293 takeoffs per twenty-four hours which gives an one-year running cost of approximately $ 26.8 million per tablet.( 26 )The capital cost of the IR de-icing tabletsThe JFK airdrome is a hub airdrome runs commercial rider flights in a similar manner to the the MSP airdrome. The JFK airdrome cost $ 9.5-million and can keep big aircraft such as the Boeing 747, which this study focuses on. collectable to these similarities it can be assumed that the cost of the IR installation in 2010 will be around US $ 9.5 million every bit good. However a cost index should be used because the IR installation in JFK airdrome was commissioned in 2006 ( Wingsmagazine, 2010 )The cost of the hanger was scaled up utilizing the CEPCI, so that it would be accurate for 2010. The latest information available to us was the CEPCI for 2008, it was 575.4 so and as of April 2010 it is 55.3 ( Access Intelligence, LLC 2010 ) . Taking this into history an estimation of the cost of the hanger in 2010 was made. ( Eqn 27 )( 27 )There are five IR de-icing tablets so the entire capital cost is $ 49,219,345Fixed cost Staff feesThe IR airdock, spray country and aggregation country will each hold a supervisory program and operator, working an 8 hr, 9AM-5PM displacement for 5 yearss per hebdomad. Their wages will be ?18,000 ( technician ) and ?24,000 ( supervisor ) . The senior director for each de-icing tablet will hold a wage of $ 30,000. MSP will necessitate 5 new IR de-icing tablets to replace the 5 EG de-icing tablets that they presently use.

Chapter 12: Setting Product Strategy

Chapter 12 Setting Product StrategyGENERAL CONCEPT QUESTIONSMultiple Choice1. marketplace supplying begins with the formulation of an offering to ________ target guests needs or wants. a. undermine b. meet c. capture d. compete with e. comprehend break up b foliate 318Difficulty EasyAACSB pondering opinion2. The client will judge the offering by three basis elements ________, work coalesce and role, and price. a. cast offance b. salespeople c. price d. produce features and bore e. n unmatched of the above serve up d pageboy 318Difficulty EasyAACSB uninflected Skills3.The five w argon directs constitute a ________. At individu aloney level lots customer value is added. a. customer-augmented return b. customer consumption organization c. customer value-hierarchy d. customer-perceived value e. customer hierarchy function cPage 318Difficulty fair4. When companies search for unused ways to punish customers and distinguish their offering from opposites, they look at the ________ crossroad, which encompasses exclusively the accomplishable augmentations and transformations of the reaping. a. consumption carcass b. counted c. emf d. augmented e. underlying exercise cPage 318Difficulty HardAACSB analytical Skills5. The way the utilizationr performs the tasks of getting and using returns and related go is the enforcers total ________. a. consumption system b. consumable system c. consistent use system d. augmented system e. n unmatched of the above serve come up aPage 319Difficulty Medium6. Marketers assume traditionally classified ad products on the basis of three characteristics ________, tangibility, and use. a. customer value hierarchy b. expected c. augmented d. lastingness e. n unity of the above dish up dPage 319Difficulty HardAACSB analytic Skills7. ________ be tangible goods that normally survive many uses. a. Nondurable goods . Durable goods c. Services d. Consumption systems e. Potential products practise bPage 319Difficulty MediumAACSB uninflected Skills8. Because ________ are purchased frequently, marketers should make them available in many locations, charge only a small markup, and advertise heavily to induce trial and build preference. a. nondurable goods b. durable goods c. run d. consumption systems e. potential products attend to aPage 319Difficulty Medium9. The consumer usually purchases ________ frequently, immediately, and with a minimum of effort. a. specialty goods b. obtain goods c. must knows goods . personal goods e. convenience goods issue ePage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB analytic Skills10. It was sunny when Jenny went to class, but by the magazine class was oer it was raining heavily, so Jenny stopped by the student store to buy an umbrella before she walked back to her dorm. In this case, the umbrella is an example of a(n) ________. a. impulse good b. staple c. homogeneous obtain good d. emergency good e. heterogeneous shopping good help dPage 320Difficul ty MediumAACSB analytic Skills11. ________ are similar in quality but resistent enough in price to justify shopping comparisons. . Emergency goods b. Homogeneous shopping goods c. Heterogeneous shopping goods d. Specialty goods e. Impulse goods assist bPage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB meditative Thinking12. Products such(prenominal) as insurance, cemetery plots, and smoke detectors are examples of ________ that are products that the consumer does non know about or does non normally sound off of buying. a. specialty goods b. unsought goods c. heterogeneous shopping goods d. homogeneous shopping goods e. none of the above Answer bPage 320Difficulty HardAACSB musing Thinking13.Industrial goods can be classified as ________, capital incidents, or suppliers and barter dish ups based on their speak to de musical noteatess and how they enter the work process. a. assistant components b. subassemblies c. pieces and get downs d. specialty goods e. materials and parts Answer ePag e 320Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills14. ________ are the major factors influencing the selection of suppliers for natural products. a. Price and delivery dependability b. Product features and customization c. Price and customization d. Delivery reliability and product features e. Customization and delivery reliabilityAnswer aPage 321Difficulty Medium15. groovy items are long-lasting goods that facilitate developing or managing the finished product. They overwhelm dickens groups installings and ________. a. natural products b. component materials c. operating supplies d. equipment e. none of the above Answer dPage 321Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking16. Supplies and business services are short-term goods and services that facilitate ________ or managing the finished product. a. inspecting b. developing c. building d. creating e. none of the above Answer bPage 321Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking17. more products can be dissimilariated in terms of their ____ ____,size, shape, or physical structure. a. form b. carrying into action quality c. ossification quality d. reliability e. design Answer aPage 321Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills18. Most products can be offered with varying ________ that supplement its basic function. a. reliability b. conformance qualities c. features d. forms e. none of the above Answer cPage 322Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking19. ________ is the ability of a lodge to prepare on a mass basis individually designed products, services, programs, and communications. . Mass customization b. Feature fatigue c. Performance quality d. Conformance quality e. Re matchability Answer aPage 322Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills20. ________ is the level at which the products primary characteristics operate. a. Design b. Conformance quality c. Reparability d. Performance quality e. Durability Answer dPage 322Difficulty Easy21. Buyers expect products to have a high ________, which is the degree to which all the produced social units are identical and meet the promised specifications. a. durability b. reliability c. conformance quality d. form e. performance quality Answer cPage 323Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills22. ________ diagnoses the products look and honorariuml to the emptor it has an advantage of creating distinctiveness that is difficult to copy. a. Design b. Style c. Durability d. Conformance e. no(prenominal) of the above Answer bPage 323Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills23. Ideal ________ would exist if users could fix the product themselves with little cost in money or time. a. durability b. reliability c. flare d. design e. repairability Answer ePage 323Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking24. In increasingly fast-paced markets, price and technology are not enough. _______ is the factor that will often give a company its war-ridden edge and is nail downd as the totality of features that affect how a product looks, feels, and functions in terms of custome r call forments. a. Services b. Performance c. reliability d. Style e. Design Answer ePage 325Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking25. When the physical product cannot be easily differentiated, the let on to competitive success may lie in adding valued services and improving their quality. The main service differentiators are guild ease, delivery, installation, ________, customer consulting, criminal maintenance, and repair. . customer limiting b. customer orders c. niche market d. customer training e. customer market Answer dPage 326Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills26. Delivery refers to how considerably the product or service is brought to the customer. It includes speed, ________, and care byout the delivery process. a. length of time for delivery b. lawsuit of delivery services c. attributes d. completeness e. accuracy Answer ePage 326Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills27. ________ refers to training the customers employees to use the vendors equipment properly and efficiently. a. Customer training . internal marketing c. Client marketing d. Customer relationships e. Technical training Answer aPage 326Difficulty Easy28. ________ refers to data, information systems, and advice services that the vendor offers to their buyers. a. Sales force relationships b. Customer relationships c. Internal marketing d. Customer training e. Customer consulting Answer ePage 326Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills29. Differentiating on ________ is important for companies with complex products and becomes an curiously good selling range when targeting technology novices. a. delivery b. ordering ease c. ase of installation d. customer consulting e. repairability Answer cPage 326Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking30. ________ make outs the service program for helping customers keep purchased products in good working order. a. Returns b. Ordering ease c. quickness d. Maintenance and repair e. Delivery Answer dPage 327Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking31. Improved handling or storage, better packaging, and improved transportation and forward logistics are methods for reducing ________. a. installation b. uncontrollable returns c. controllable returns d. product families e. ustomer consulting Answer cPage 328Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking32. A group of products within a product class that are closely related because they perform a similar function, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same outlets or channels, or fall within given price ranges is known as a ________. a. product type b. product class c. need family d. product variant e. product line Answer ePage 328Difficulty Medium33. A(n) ________ is defined as a distinct unit within a brand or product line distinguishable by size, price, appearance, or more or less other attribute. . stockkeeping unit b. UPC (uniform product code) c. stock unit d. product type e. none of the above Answer aPage 328Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 34. A ________ is the set of all products and items a extra seller offers for sale. a. product line b. product mix c. family of products d. product system e. product class Answer bPage 328Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills35. The ________ of the product mix refers to how closely related the variant product lines are in end use, production requirements, distribution channels, or some other way. a. onsistency b. depth c. breadth d. length e. com government agency Answer aPage 329Difficulty Hard36. The ________ of the product mix refers to the total number of items in the mix. a. width b. length c. depth d. consistency e. crown Answer bPage 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills37. In offering a product line, companies normally develop a ________ and modules that can be added to meet different customer requirements. a. convenience item b. beat out selling item c. staple item d. product e. basic platform Answer ePage 329Difficulty Medium AACSB Reflective Thinking 8. The ______ __ of a product mix refers to how many variants are offered of to each(prenominal) one product in the line. a. width b. length c. depth d. consistency e. height Answer cPage 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills39. A company can classify its products into four types that yield different perfect(a) margins, depending upon sales volume and promotional costs. The four classifications include all EXCEPT ________. a. core product b. shopping goods c. staples d. specialties e. convenience items Answer bPage 330Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 40.The main point in segmenting products into different classes is that companies should recognize that these items ________ in the potential for being priced higher or advertised more as ways to increase sales, margins, or both. a. differ b. are more elastic c. are slight elastic d. respond to advertising differently e. none of the above Answer aPage 330Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 41. A benefit of product mapping is that it identifies ________. a. market matrices b. target markets c. market segments d. consumers e. none of the above Answer cPage 330Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 2. Product-line analysis provides information for 2 key decision areasproduct-line length and ________. a. product-length new items b. product-mix determine c. product price d. popular pricing e. none of the above Answer bPage 331Difficulty Hard43. ________ occurs when a company lengthens its product line beyond its current range. a. Market reach b. Product reach c. Product adaptations d. Line shrinking e. Line spreading Answer ePage 331Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 44. When a company positioned in the middle market introduces a lower-priced product line, this is an example of ________. . product-line length b. up-market stretch c. down-market stretch d. maintenance e. none of the above Answer cPage 331Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 45. pitiable ________ carries risks. The new brand can cannibaliz e core brand sales and lower the core brands quality image. a. up-market b. deuce ways c. one way d. down-market e. none of the above Answer dPage 333Difficulty Medium 46. Companies may wish to implement a(n) ________ to achieve more growth, to existingize higher margins, or simply to position themselves as full-line manufacturers. a. up-market stretch . down-market stretch c. service-market stretch d. consulting-model stretch e. obsolescence strategy Answer aPage 333Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking47. A product line can also be increase by adding more items within the present range. There are several motives for line filling ________, try to satisfy dealers who complain about lost sales because of missing items in the line, trying to utilize excess capacity, and others. a. responding to senior management wishes b. responding to consumer wishes c. reaching for incremental loot d. eaching for incremental capacity e. responding to sales-force demands Answer cPage 334Diff iculty Hard 48. If line filling is overdone, it could result in ________ and customer confusion. a. sales paralysis b. manufacturing inefficiencies c. self-cannibalization d. self-sacrifice e. none of the above Answer cPage 334Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 49. Price-setting logic must be modified when the product is part of a product mix. In that case, the buckram searches for a set of prices that ________ profits on the total mix. a. are in useful on total b. ave no effect on total c. maximize d. minimize e. capitalize upon Answer cPage 335Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 50. Companies normally develop product lines rather than unity products and require sellers to establish ________ quality differences between price steps within the line. a. imaginary b. actual c. perceived d. monetary e. none of the above Answer cPage 335Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking51. Some service firms often engage in ________, consisting of a fixed fee plus a variable usage fee. a . beautiful bundling b. pure pricing c. mixed pricing . captive pricing e. two-part pricing Answer ePage 336Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 52. In ________, the seller offers goods both individually and in bundles and often charges less for the bundle than for the individual products. a. pirating pricing b. captive pricing c. two-part pricing d. pure bundling e. mixed bundling Answer ePage 336Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 53. The main advantage of co- mark is that a product may be convincingly positioned by virtue of the ________ involved. a. branding synergy b. increased advertising dollars c. ultiple brands d. bundled package e. none of the above Answer cPage 337Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking54. The potential disadvantages of ________ are the risks and lack of control from becoming aligned with another brand in the consumers mind. Consumer expectations about the level of involvement and commitment are apparent to be high, so unsatisfactory performance cou ld be very negative for the brands involved. a. co-branding b. primary service features c. values d. perceptions e. pricing Answer aPage 337Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 55. _______ is a special case of co-branding involving creating brand equity for materials, components, or parts that are necessarily contained within other branded products. a. Component branding b. Ingredient branding c. Advertising branding d. Sales branding e. None of the above Answer bPage 337Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 56. We define packaging as all the activities of blueprint and producing the container for a product. This includes up to three levels of material primary package, secondary package, and ________. a. retailer package b. design package c. shipping package d. consumer package e. one of the above Answer cPage 339Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills57. Various factors have contributed to the growing use of packaging as a marketing tool and include all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. self-service b. consumer grandness c. consumer influence d. company and brand images e. innovation opportunities Answer cPage 339Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 58. ________ are formal statements of expected product performance by the manufacturer. a. Insurance b. Warranties c. Guarantees d. news report e. Marketing statements Answer bPage 341Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills9. Many sellers offer either general or specific see to its. Guarantees reduce the buyers ________ risk. a. actual b. perceived c. real d. implied e. stated Answer bPage 342Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 60. Guarantees are most effective in two situations. The first is when the company or products are not well known and the second is when the products quality is ________ to arguing. a. not known b. different c. inferior d. equivalent e. superior Answer ePage 342Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking unbowed/False 61. Product is the key element in the market offering .Answer TruePage 317Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 62. A product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a want or need. Answer TruePage 318Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 63. In planning its market offering, the marketer needs to address five product levels, each of which reduces customer value. Answer FalsePage 318Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 64. The customer-value hierarchy consists of the basic product, core benefit, expected product, augmented product, and the consumption system. Answer FalsePage 318Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 65.Marketers have traditionally classified products on the basis of characteristics such as durability, tangibility, and use. Answer TruePage 319Difficulty Medium 66. Durable products normally require more personal selling and service and more seller ensures than nondurable goods. Answer TruePages 319320Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 67. Because they are intangible, durable goods norma lly require more quality control, supplier credibility, and adaptability than either services or nondurable goods. Answer FalsePage 320Difficulty Medium 68. Carlos evermore buys bread and milk when he goes grocery shopping.In this case, bread and milk are examples o f impulse goods. Answer FalsePage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 69. A Maserati sports car is considered a specialty good because interested buyers will travel far to buy one. Answer TruePage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 70. The homogeneity of natural materials limits the amount of demand-creation activity that producers undertake. Answer TruePage 321Difficulty Medium 71. Capital items are long-lasting goods that facilitate developing or managing the finished products. Answer TruePage 321Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 72.Supplies can be classified as two kinds maintenance and repair items and operating supplies. Answer TruePage 321Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 73. To be branded, physical products must be differentiated. Answer TruePage 321Difficulty Easy 74. To avoid feature fatigue, companies must be watchful to prioritize those features that are include and find unobtrusive ways to provide information about how consumers can use and benefit from the feature. Answer TruePage 322Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 75. Firms should design the highest performance level possible for their products.Answer FalsePage 322Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 76. As a selling point, durability commands a particularly high pricing premium, especially for products that are subject to rapid technological obsolescence, as are personal computers and video cameras. Answer FalsePage 323Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 77. Design can shift consumer perceptions to make brand experiences more rewarding. Answer TruePage 325Difficulty Medium 78. If the physical product cannot be easily differentiated, the key to competitive advantage lies in the pricing of the related services provided by the manufacturer.Answer FalsePage 326Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 79. Customer training and customer consulting are two areas for service differentiation that manufacturers can use with their products. Answer TruePage 326Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 80. The cost of processing a return can be significantly considerableer than that of an outbound shipment. Answer TruePage 327Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 81. The product hierarchy stretches from basic needs to particular items that satisfy those needs. Answer TruePage 328Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 82.A product system is a group of diverse but related items that function in a matched manner and includes the product mix and product assortment. Answer FalsePage 328Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 83. The four product-mix dimensions (length, width, depth, consistency) permit the company to lucubrate its business. Answer TruePage 329Difficulty MediumAACS B Analytic Skills 84. Factors that influence product-line length do NOT include company objectives or management aspirations. Answer FalsePage 331Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 85.Every companys product line covers a certain part of the total possible range of products and consumer levels. Answer TruePage 331Difficulty Hard 86. Companies in the middle market should never attempt to stretch their line in both directions. Answer FalsePage 333Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 87. Line filling, if overdone, may result in self-cannibalization and increased customer loyalty. Answer FalsePage 334Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 88. In the rapidly changing market of at presents world, product lines must be continuously updated or modernized.Answer TruePage 334Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 89. Price-setting logic must be modified when the product is part of a product mix. Answer TruePage 335Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 90. Companies normally develop product lines rather than a single product and introduce price steps such as a low-, average-, and high- priced computer system. Answer TruePage 335Difficulty Medium 91. Manufacturers of systems such as razors and ink jet printers use a system of pricing called two-part pricingone price for the disposable products and another for the hardware. Answer FalsePage 336Difficulty Hard 2. A pricing system in which there is a fixed fee and then a variable usage fee is called bundling. Answer FalsePage 336Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 93. Pure bundling occurs when a firm offers goods both individually and in bundles. Answer FalsePage 336Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 94. Co-branding is when two or more well-known existing brands are combined into a joint product and/or marketed together in some fashion. Answer TruePage 337Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 95. Ingredient branding can take on a form called self-branding in which the company advertises its own bran ded ingredients.Answer TruePage 338Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 96. Packaging is all the activities of designing and producing the container for a product. Answer TruePage 339Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 97. Labels can identify the product and must contain legal statements that under diverse Federal laws cannot be misleading, false, or deceptive. Answer TruePage 341Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 98. Warranties are formal statements of expected product performance by the manufacturer. Answer TruePage 341Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 99.A guarantees greatest contribution to a products success is that it decreases the buyers perceived risk in the purchase of the product. Answer TruePage 342Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 100. Guarantees are most effective when the product is well known and/or similar in performance to other brands in the market. Answer FalsePage 342Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking Essay 101. In planning its market offering, the marketer must address the five product levels of the customer-value hierarchy. Describe the customer-value hierarchy and identify the five levels of product contained ithin.Suggested Answer Each layer adds more customer value, and the five levels are (1) the core benefitthe service or benefit the customer is really buying (2) the basic productthe actual product that provides the core benefit (3) expected producta set of attributes and conditions buyers normally expect when they purchase the product (4) the augmented productthe marketer exceeds customer expectations and (5) the potential productwhich encompasses all the possible augmentations and transformations the product or offering might undergo in the future.These five elements constitute the buyers consumption system. Page 318Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 102. The wide array of products that consumers buy can be classified on the basis of shopping habits and are broken down into four main areas. leaning t hese four main classifications of consumer goods and explain what elements are included within.Suggested Answer The four main areas are (1) Convenience goods are bought frequently, immediately, and with a minimum of effort (2) shopping goods are goods that the consumer characteristically compares on such bases as suitability, quality, price, and style (3) specialty goods have unique characteristics or brand identification for which a sufficient number of buyers are willing to make a special purchasing effort and (4) unsought goods are those goods that the consumer does not know about or does not normally think of buying.Page 320Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 103. Industrial goods can be classified in terms of how they enter the production process and their relative costliness. Identify the three groups of industrial goods. Suggested Answer The three groups of industrial goods include (1) Materials and parts are goods that enter the manufacturers product completely. Raw mater ials (farm and natural products) and manufactured aterials and parts (component materials and component parts) compile this group (2) Capital items are long-lasting goods that facilitate developing or managing the finished product, such as machinery (installations and equipment) and (3) Supplies and business services are short-term goods and services that facilitate developing or managing the finished product maintenance and repair and operating supplies are included here. Business supplies include advisory services and other services necessary for the ongoing operation of the business.Pages 320321Difficulty Hard 104. When differentiated, products can then be branded. keep down the possible ways that physical products can be differentiated. Suggested Answer Products can be differentiated according to form, features, customization, performance quality, conformance quality, durability, reliability, reparability, and style. Pages 321323Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 105. Whe n a physical product cannot easily be differentiated, the key to competitive success may lie in adding valued services and improving quality.Identify and discuss the six main service differentiators. Suggested Answer The six main service differentiators are (1) ordering ease, (2) delivery, (3) installation, (4) customer training, (5) customer consulting, and (6) maintenance and repair. Pages 326327Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 106. Explain the concepts of product-line width, length, depth, and consistency. Suggested Answer The width of a product mix refers to how many different product lines the company carries.The length of a product mix refers to the total number of items in the mix. The depth of a product mix refers to how many variants are offered of each product in the line and is determined by dividing the total number of items by the number of lines. The consistency of the product mix refers to how closely related the various product lines are in end use, production requirements, distribution channels, or some other way. Page 329Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 107. Explain the concept of line stretching and the three uses for it.Suggested Answer Line stretching occurs when a company lengthens its product line beyond its current range. It includes down-market stretch (introduce a lower-priced line), up-market stretch (introduce an upscale line), or two-way stretch (introduce both an upscale line and a down-scale line). Pages 331333Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 108. Product-mix pricing can involve a number of pricing strategies for the brand manager. List each of these strategies and briefly define each.Suggested Answer There are six situations involving product-mix pricing (1) product-line pricinglow-, medium-, and high-priced products within the same line, such as different priced ties (2) optional-feature pricing charging for extra features, such as leather seats in a car (3) captive-product pricingwhen the user has no choice but t o use the high-priced disposable products that make the entire product work (for example, ink cartridges for printers) (4) two-part pricingconsisting of a fixed fee and a variable usage fee (cell phone usage) (5) by-product pricingthe price of the by-products of goods being used for other purposes (oil refining for example) and (6) product-bundling pricingpure bundling when the firm offers its products only as a bundle, or mixed bundling when the firm offers its products as a bundle and/or individually. Pages 335337Difficulty Hard 109. Various factors have contributed to the increased importance of packaging as a marketing tool. List and briefly describe these events.Suggested Answer Self-servicean increasing number of products are being sold without any personal interaction, on a self-service basis. Consumer affluence rising consumer affluence means consumers are willing to pay a little more for convenience, appearance, dependability, and prestige of better packages. go with and b rand imagepackages contribute to instant recognition of the company or brand. Innovation opportunityinnovative packaging can bring large benefits to consumers and profits to producers. Page 339Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 110. Sellers must label their products. Labels serve many purposes beyond just naming the product.List the additional services provided by a products label. Suggested Answer A label identifies the product a label might also grade the product a label might describe the product and the label might promote the product. A label may contain information required by law. Page 340Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking masking QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 111. Marketers must see themselves as benefit providers. For example, when a shopper purchases new shoes, he/she expects the shoes to cover his/her feet and allow them to walk unobstructed. This is an example of what level in the consumer-value hierarchy? a. Pure tangible good b. Basic product c. Augmented pr oduct d. Potential product e.Consumption system Answer bPage 318Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 112. How a consumer shops for organic foods and how they use and dispose of the product is part of the consumers _________ that is important for marketers to consider. a. basic product system. b. customer value system c. potential system d. consumption system e. none of the above Answer dPage 319Difficulty Medium 113. The sellers of ________ goods carry a wide assortment to satisfy individual tastes and must have well-trained salespeople to inform and advise customers. Examples include automobile dealers, furniture stores, and insurance services. a. unsought shopping goods . specialty shopping goods c. homogeneous shopping goods d. heterogeneous shopping goods e. none of the above Answer dPage 320Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills114. ________ are major purchases and are usually bought directly from the producer with the typical sale preceded by long negotiation periods. a. Raw m aterials b. Materials and parts c. Business services d. Capital goods e. Installations Answer ePage 321Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 115. Most products are established at one of four performance levels low, average, high, or superior. For example, mountain bikes come in a variety of sizes and physical attributes.When a consumer purchases a mountain bike costing $1,000, she/he expects the bike to perform to specifications and to have a high _________ meeting the promised specifications. a. features b. durability c. conformance quality d. performance quality e. reliability Answer dPage 322Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 116. If the Porsche 911 is designed to accelerate to 60 miles per hour within 10 seconds, and both Porsche 911 coming off the assembly line does this, the model is s guardianship to have high ________. a. reliability b. conformance quality c. durability d. repairability e. style Answer bPage 323Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 117.Realizing t hat although household products is a huge category, taking up an entire supermarket aisle or more, it is an incredibly boring one, the founders of Method Products designed a sleek, uncluttered dish soap container that also carried functional advantages. Method is competing in the crowded market for household products on the basis of superior ________. a. design b. durability c. conformance d. reliability e. performance quality Answer aPage 325Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 118. When Baxter Medical supplied their hospitals with computer terminals directly linked to Baxters ordering system, this was an example of a company differentiating itself versus controversy in terms of ________. a. customer relationships b. customer training c. installation d. delivery ease e. ordering ease Answer ePage 326Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 119.Using the ________ level of the product hierarchy to market its soups, Campbell Soups feature the company name first, then the soup v ariety on their packaging. a. item b. product-type c. need-family d. product-family e. product-line Answer ePage 328Difficulty Hard 120. A consumer products firm manufacturers and sells over 200 different sizes and varieties of jams and jellies. We can say that this manufacturers product mix has high ________. a. consistency b. depth c. height d. product assortment e. width Answer bPage 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 121. Happy Home Products produces detergents, toothpaste, bar soap, disposable diapers, and paper products. This company has a product ________ of five lines. a. depth b. ength c. consistency d. height e. width Answer ePage 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 122. When Jack bought his new laptop, he also bought a laptop bag and a spare power cord through the same retailer. These items are considered to be ________. a. core products b. staples c. convenience items d. specialties e. emergency items Answer cPage 330Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skill s 123. A manufacturer of hiking boots looks at data that indicate that their subsegment of the market called heavy hiker is declining and is predicted to decline into the future. The firm decides to enter the low-price segment with its new items.This is an example of a firms ________ to reach a new market. a. down-market stretch b. up-market stretch c. two-way stretch d. marketing research e. capitalizing Answer aPage 331Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 124. Marriott Corporation now contains hotels and motels from the budget end of the consumer spectrum to the premium end with their JD Marriott flagship locations. This is an example of a firm that successfully performed a ________ to reach more consumers and ventures that are more profitable. a. marketing diversification b. two-way stretch c. up-market stretch d. down-market stretch e. cross-stretch Answer bPage 333Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 125.When shopping for tires for your automobile, you notice that the manufacturer you have selected has tires for your car priced low, average, and high, based upon performance and features. This is an example of what type of product-mix pricing? a. Captive-price pricing b. Product-line pricing c. By-product pricing d. Two-part pricing e. Optional-feature pricing Answer bPage 335Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 126. Purchasers of theatre tickets receive a 20% discount if they purchase and pay for the full season at one time. This is an example of what type of product-mix pricing? a. Mixed bundling b. Pure bundling c. Cross-promotion d. Captive pricing e. None of the above Answer aPage 336Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 127.McDonalds restaurants indoors Super Wal-Marts and Starbucks inside Super Targets are examples of ________, whose main advantages are that the products can or may be convincingly positioned by virtue of the associated brands. a. cooperative marketing b. co-branding c. retail co-branding d. ingredient branding e. no ne of the above Answer cPage 337Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 128. Betty Crocker cake mixes using Hershey syrup in its cake mixes and Lunchables lunch combinations with wetback Bell tacos are examples of what special type of branding? a. Mixed branding b. Ingredient co-branding c. Co-branding d. Self-branding e. None of the above Answer bPages 337338Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 129.Sales of luxury goods such as perfumes, colognes, and aftershaves depend heavily upon their initial response by the consumer. A well-designed package can create convenience and promotional value. It has been called the unfathomed salesman. Which of the three levels of packaging is this silent salesman? a. Retailer b. Consumer c. Shipping d. Secondary e. Primary Answer ePage 339Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 130. A new product is advertised on the infomercials as being the best cleaner money can buy and if not completely satisfied, return the product for a full refund, including shipping. The strategy of using a strong guarantee in this instance is sound because ________. a. t is an example of a misleading or false advertising and is illegal b. the product is so superior to rival that there will be no claims for refunds c. it is just advertising fluff and the manufacturer has no intentions of refunding money d. for a product that is not too well known, it is good advertising because the claims will be a small percentage of sales e. for a product that is not too well known it reduces the buyers risk in purchasing Answer ePage 342Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking Short Answer 131. A manufacturer is contemplating introducing a product that is inferior to its competition in its performance, design, and functionality.However, the manufacturer believes that good brand marketing can overcome these shortfalls. Why is this thinking incorrect? Suggested Answer At the heart of a great brand is a great product, the product is a key element in the market offering. Customers will judge the product (offering) on three basic elements product features and quality services mix and quality, and price. Not having a competitive product cannot be overcome by marketing. Pages 317318Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 132. Studying how consumers shop, how they use a particular product or service, and how they dispose of the product when consumed is important for marketers. This information forms the basis of product strategy.First, define the consumption system and second, identify the two upcoming product strategies that are affected by this knowledge. Suggested Answer This is called the users total consumption system, defined as the way the user performs the tasks of getting and using products and related services. This is important because it will contain information useful in the product-augmentation strategy and the potential product strategy. Page 319Difficulty Hard 133. You know that marketers have traditionally classified p roducts based on characteristics of durability, tangibility, and use. You also know that each product type has an appropriate marketing-mix strategy attached.In analyzing your companys products, you decide to reheel each of these products and the appropriate marketing-mix strategy to understand where your products fit. List these products and their appropriate marketing-mix strategies. Suggested Answer (1) Nondurable goodsthe appropriate strategy is to make them available in many locations, charge only a small markup, and advertise heavily to induce trial and build preference. (2) Durable goodstangible goods that normally survive many uses. Durable products normally require more personal selling and service, command a higher margin, and require more seller guarantees. (3) Servicesintangible, inseparable, variable, and perishable products. They require more quality control, supplier credibility, and adaptability.Pages 319320Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 134. Convenience goods, products purchased without much thought, can be classified as impulse goods and emergency goods, and this constitutes one of the four classifications of goods based on shopping habits. The purchase of a Mercedes automobile, life insurance, homogeneous shopping goods, and heterogeneous shopping goods are examples of the other classifications. Identify these goods classifications or segments. Suggested Answer The vast array of goods purchased by consumers can be classified as convenience goods, shopping goods (homogeneous and heterogeneous), specialty goods, and unsought goods. Page 320Difficulty Easy 135.Industrial-goods classifications based on terms of how the products enter the production process and their relative costs include such segments as materials and parts and capital items. Window cleaning services, consumable office supplies, personal computers, desks, paint, nails, and buckets are included in the classifications of industrial goods. List the other classification s including subclassifications for industrial goods. Suggested Answer Industrial-goods classifications include material and parts, farm products, natural products, manufactured materials and parts, and component parts. Capital goods include installations and equipment.Supplies and business services include maintenance and repair items, operating supplies, and business advisory services. Pages 320321Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 136. In your position as a marketing manager for a small industrial company, you have been asked by the president to help differentiate the companys product from its competitors. In reviewing your marketing management notes, you note that the text edition stated that physical products could be differentiated in society ways. These nine areas comprise the meat of the memo you are writing to the president of your firm. What are the nine ways that physical products can be differentiated?Suggested Answer The nine ways that physical products can be differ entiated are form, features, customization, performance quality, conformance quality, durability, reliability, reparability, and style. Pages 321323Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 137. You know that your small firm cannot compete with the big boys in terms of price and promotion. Instead, you have decided to outdesign them. What is necessary for this strategy of outdesigning them to succeed? Suggested Answer Design offers a potent way to differentiate and position a companys products and services. Design is the factor that will often give a company its competitive edge. Design is the totality of features that affect how a product looks and functions in terms of customer requirements.The designer must figure out how much to invest in form, feature development, performance, conformance, durability, reliability, reparability, and style. To the company, a well-designed product is one that is leisurely to manufacture and distribute. To the consumer, a well-designed product is one that is pleasant to look at and easy to open, install, use, repair, and dispose of. Page 325Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 138. As the marketing manager for a product often referred to as a commodity, you know that incremental sales and profits lies not in physical differentiation but in service differentiation. As you compose a memo to your boss regarding the concept of service differentiation, you note the six areas where service differentiation can make a difference.List these six areas for service differentiation. Suggested Answer The main service differentiators are ordering ease, delivery, installation, customer training, customer consulting, and maintenance and repair. Pages 326327Difficulty EasyAACSB Analytic Skills 139. You have been asked to create a product system for your companys personal digital assistant. Before starting, you must define the term product system to the engineers to enable them to start design and production of the aligned items. Define the concept of a product system. Suggested Answer A product system is a group of diverse but related items that function in a compatible manner. Page 328Difficulty Easy 140.You have been asked to prepare a product-line analysis for your companys stable of products. Why is it important for product-line mangers to do a product-line analysis? Suggested Answer Product-line managers need to know the sales and profits of each item in their line in order to determine which items to build, maintain, harvest, or divest. They also need to understand each product lines market profile. Page 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 141. How do the four product-mix dimensions (width, length, depth, and consistency) affect a firms product and corporate strategies? Suggested Answer These four product-mix dimensions permit the company to expand its business in four different ways.First, it can add new product lines, thus widening its product mix. Second, it can lengthen each product line. It can add more product variants to each product line and deepen its product mix. Finally, a company can pursue more product-line consistency. Page 329Difficulty MediumAACSB Reflective Thinking 142. As the newest member of the marketing department, your immediate boss asks you to comment on the companys proposal to add two new shoes to the companys middle-of-the-road pricing and product-line strategies. The first pair will retail for $ 40. 00 and has as its target market the bargain shopper. The second pair will retail for $ 200. 00 and is targeted at the sophisticated shopper. In relation to product-line strategy, what is the company trying to accomplish with these two new items? Suggested Answer This is an example of the company trying a two-way stretchintroducing products at both ends of the consumer market simultaneously. Page 333Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills143. During a meeting, you were asked by the vice-president of marketing, to comment on the companys pricing strategy for it s products. Recalling your marketing management course in college, your comments define the six situations involving product-mix pricing. List these six product-mix pricing strategies. Suggested Answer Product-mix pricing includes product-line pricing, ptional-feature pricing, captive-product pricing, two-part pricing, by-product pricing, and product-bundling pricing. Pages 335336Difficulty Medium 144. Your firm is contemplating a bundling strategy for its line of products. In a memo to your boss, you outline the three guidelines for correctly implementing a building strategy. Suggested Answer Do not promote individual products in a package as frequently and cheaply as the bundle. Second, limit promotions to a single item in the mix if you still want to promote individual products. Third, if you decide to offer large rebates on individual products, it must be the absolute exception and done with discretion. Page 337Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 145.As the marketing manager fo r your firm, you have been approached by your key component manufacturer suggesting that your two firms ingredient brand a new item. What are some of the requirements for succeeding in ingredient branding? Suggested Answer First, the consumer must perceive that the ingredient matters to the performance and success of the product. Secondly, consumers must be convinced that not all ingredient brands are the same and that the ingredient is superior. Third, a distinctive symbol or logo must clearly signal to consumers that the host product contains the ingredient. Fourth, a coordinated pull and push program must help consumers understand the importance and advantages of the branded ingredient.Page 339Difficulty HardAACSB Reflective Thinking 146. Your research shows that over 53% of all purchases are made on impulse. As you sit down with your packaging design team, you tell them that the package must communicate many of the sales tasks. List the sales tasks that packaging must now incorp orate due to the increase in self-service sales. Suggested Answer These tasks are attract attention, describe the products features, create consumer confidence, and make a favorable overall impression. Page 339Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills 147. In discussions with the packaging design team, you note that they do not have a firm design objective for the final package.In an internal memo to your boss, you outline the objectives (both company and consumer orientated) that you wish to see implemented by the design team. List these objectives. Suggested Answer The objectives of packaging are to identify of the brand convey descriptive and persuasive information facilitate product transportation and protection assist at-home storage and aid product consumption. Pages 339340Difficulty HardAACSB Analytic Skills 148. In discussions with the packaging design team, it seems that they are unclear as to what should be included on the final product (consumer package) packaging. You list these objectives in a memo. List these objectives here. Suggested Answer Labels must first identify the product or brand the label might also grade the product.The label should describe the product and promote the product and finally the label must contain all required government information. Pages 340341Difficulty Medium 149. Your service firm is contemplating adding a guarantee component. Members of senior management are unclear as to the marketing advantages of a guarantee. How would you convince members of senior management that a guarantee can provide a marketing advantage? Suggested Answer Guarantees reduce the buyers perceived risk. They suggest that the service/product is of high quality and that the company and its service performance are dependable. Page 342Difficulty EasyAACSB Reflective Thinking 150. As you contemplate the introduction of your companys newest services, ou think that the offering of a service guarantee would be a marketing coup and completely surprise you r competition. You remember that your marketing management text stated that guarantees are most effective in two situations. What are these two situations? Suggested Answer Guarantees are most effective when either the company or the product is not well known, so a money-back guarantee in that case would reduce the buyers perceived risk and provide them with confidence in purchasing the product. The second area is when the product/service is superior to competition in quality and performance. Page 342Difficulty MediumAACSB Analytic Skills