Free Essays on 1960s

, it was not just a question of going over yonder at seventeen years old to battle for one’s nation. Or maybe, it involved deserting the wellbeing and security of the home to which you were acclimated, with little desire for returning. When th... Free Essays on 1960's Free Essays on 1960's Opportunity Rides, Vietnam, and Social activism among the young people of America have left the 60’s with an extremely significant impact on our general public. Beyond a shadow of a doubt, the time of the 1960’s was one of the most dubious in American History. All through this time of social turmoil, hostile to war mentalities were picking up predominance in a harmony cherishing subculture, and people started to scrutinize certain parts of administrative approach and authority. This was the time of harmony and war, confidence and depression, social disturbance and disappointment. Vietnam Apparently, no contention during this time more significantly influenced American cultural structure than did the Vietnam war. While a normal visit in Vietnam endured distinctly around one year, the physical, conservative, and mental impacts of the war demonstrated so marvelous that they would remain everlastingly engraved in the psyches of both the American troopers who battled, and all Americans of military age who dreaded they would go straightaway. Over the span of the Vietnam war all the more then twenty-6,000,000 men grew up to be qualified for the draft, 2.15 million of which were sent to Vietnam. The military gathered for the Vietnam war was altogether more youthful than some other American armed force, with the normal time of officers going from seventeen to twenty one. There were numerous sentiments of hostility towards the war and draft, particularly from the troopers themselves. Corpsman Douglas Anderson spoke to well known sentiments of ill will towards the war, particularly in regards to the most youthful of the warriors battling when he was cited saying: â€Å"if your folks marked specific sorts of papers, you could get over yonder amazing seventeen.† As prove by his words, it was not just an issue of going over yonder at seventeen years old to battle for one’s nation. Or maybe, it involved abandoning the wellbeing and security of the home to which you were acclimated, with little desire for returning. When th...

Multiculturalism and Immigration for Citizenship -myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theMulticulturalism and Immigration for Canadian Citizenship. Answer: Keep your language. Love its sounds, its regulation, its musicality. Be that as it may, attempt to walk along with men of various dialects, remote from your own, who wish like you for an all the more just and human world. The above cited lines from the book Spiral Of Violence by Hlder Cmara unmistakably traces the substance of the idea of multiculturalism and movement. Multiculturalism can be characterized as the circumstance wherein all the distinctive ethnic gatherings just as the way of life get equivalent portrayal and none of them is overlooked or distorted (Modood). This plans to contemplate the procedure of multiculturalism and movement through two articles, to be specific, Wayson Choys IM a Banana and Proud of It and Will Kymlickas Immigrants, Multiculturalism and Canadian Citizenship. The proposal proclamation of this exposition is whether nations like Canada really follow the arrangement of multiculturalism. The article IM a Banana and Proud of It by Wayson Choy centers around the state of the Chinese individuals in the country of Canada and the procedure of their mix in the terrain culture of Canada. It is to be noticed that Wayson Choy is a Canadian creator conceived in the year 1939 the greater part of whose works center around the situation of the Chinese individuals and individuals from different nationalities in the territory of China (Berry). The article being talked about here reveals insight into his blended way of life as a Chinese Canadian resident and the manner in which he and his relatives have been incorporated in the way of life of Canada. He says, Because both my folks originated from China, I took Chinese. Be that as it may, I can't peruse or compose Chinese and scarcely talk it. I love my North American citizenship. I dont' mind being known as a banana, yellow outwardly and white within. I'm pleased I'm a banana (I'm A Banana And Proud Of It - By Wayson Choy). This ann ouncement plainly plots the personality issue looked by the creator. He even goes to state that In each person, there is the Other.wanting a similar security and bliss (I'm A Banana And Proud Of It - By Wayson Choy). The article Immigrants, Multiculturalism and Canadian Citizenship by Will Kymlicka, then again, centers around the idea of multiculturalism and multicultural citizenship. It is to be noticed that Will Kymlicka, conceived in the year 1962, is a Canadian political savant and essayist the greater part of whose works center around the subject of multiculturalism and its related viewpoints (Weinstock). He sees the idea of multiculturalism to be something of a faade and even proceeds to state that multiculturalism has prompted irrefutable ghettoization. As opposed to advancing reconciliation, multiculturalism is empowering the possibility that settlers should frame independent ghettos distanced from the standard. This ghettoization is not an extraordinary of multiculturalism but rather its optimal: a lifestyle moved entire, a little station of exoticism safeguarded and ensured (Kymlicka). He further says that multiculturalism has a clique of ethnicity which overstates differences..endgame is self centeredness and self-ghettoization, or what Schlesinger calls social and phonetic politically-sanctioned racial segregation (Kymlicka). It is to be noticed that the two articles, however composed by two writers who are simply the residents of the countries of Canada itself, gives various perspectives of the procedure of multiculturalism and the procedure of the reconciliation of the differing ethnic gatherings into the territory culture of Canada. The contentions of Choy in the article being talked about here totally requests to the logos of the perusers with sentences like By 1949, after the Communists took over China, those of utilization who showed up here as little youngsters, or were brought into the world here, remained. No more extended outsiders, we became lawful residents of North America. A significant number of utilization likewise became bananas (I'm A Banana And Proud Of It - By Wayson Choy). Unexpectedly, the article of Kymlicka, however likewise speaking to the logos of the perusers gives an alternate perspective on a similar idea in lines like official multiculturalism empowers politically-sanctioned racial segregation, or to be somewhat less unforgiving, ghettoism. The more multiculturalism strategy has been set up, the higher the social dividers have gone up inside Canada. Multiculturalism urges ethnic pioneers to keep their individuals aside from the standard, rehearsing what can best be depicted as mono-culturalism. Along these lines, Our state urges these guards to keep up what sums, even under the least favorable conditions, to a politically-sanctioned racial segregation type of citizenship (Kymlicka). Besides, the article of Choy demands that the Chinese individuals ought to receive the way of life of the local Canadian individuals in words like actually, our families energized individuals from my age during the 1950s and sixties to excel, to get English training, to find a new line of work with great compensation and distinction. Try not to work like me, Chinatown guardians said. Work in an office! The lao wah-kiu (the Chinatown old-clocks) additionally cautioned, always remember - you despite everything be Chinese! (I'm A Banana And Proud Of It - By Wayson Choy). The article of Kymlicka, then again, remarks on the hollows of the idea of joining followed by the foreigners in words like embracing a Canadian character as opposed to sticking only to one's hereditary personality; taking part in more extensive Canadian foundations instead of partaking exclusively in ethnic-explicit organizations; learning an official language as opposed to depending entirely on one's primary language; having between ethnic fellowships or even blended relationships as opposed to mingling totally inside one's ethnic gathering (Kymlicka). In this way, from the above conversation it turns out to be evident that multiculturalism structure a significant part of the Canadian country. The two articles being talked about here however center around the regular subjects of multiculturalism and coordination articulate various perspectives about the significance of the ideas of multiculturalism just as combination. It is to be noticed that however both the articles bid to the logos of the perusers anyway one article shows the positive side of the ideas of multiculturalism and reconciliation while different gives the negative side of a similar idea. In this way, it tends to be said that multiculturalism is an exceptionally unique idea advertisement whether a nation enough follows the idea the idea of multiculturalism or not relies upon the understanding of the individual as it gets obvious from the two articles examined here. References I'm A Banana And Proud Of It - By Wayson Choy.Geocities.ws. N.p., 2018. Web. 10 Mar. 2018. Berry, John W. Research on multiculturalism in Canada.International Journal of Intercultural Relations37.6 (2013): 663-675. Kymlicka, Will. Settlers, multiculturalism and Canadian citizenship.symposium Social Cohesion Through Social Justice, Canadian Jewish Congress, Ottawa. Vol. 2. 1997. Modood, Tariq.Multiculturalism. John Wiley Sons, Ltd, 2013. Weinstock, Daniel. Interculturalism and multiculturalism in Canada and Quebec: Situating the debate.Liberal multiculturalism and the reasonable terms of incorporation. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2013. 91-108. Wright, David. Author's Web: The Rhetorical Triangle and Three Rhetorical Appeals.Writer's Web: The Rhetorical Triangle and Three Rhetorical Appeals(2012).

Whats the Average APR for a Cash Advance

Whats the Average APR for a Cash Advance Whats the Average APR for a Cash Advance? Whats the Average APR for a Cash Advance?The APRs for credit card cash advances  are high, but the APRs for payday cash advance loans  are so much higher.If you have a credit card and need some quick cash, you might wonder if a cash advance is a good solution. And it might be!Cash advances allow you to take out money from an ATM through your credit card just like you would with a debit card. However, this isnt money that you already have in your checking or savings account, its money that you are borrowing and adding to your credit card balance.Since youre borrowing money when you take out a credit card cash advance, the whole thing is really just another type of loan. And when taking out a loan, you’ll have to figure out the interest and fees that youll be paying back on top of that amount you borrowed.Basically, this means figuring out how much your cash advance is going to cost you. Do you know how much a cash advance on your credit card would cost? If youre faced with an emerge ncy expense, knowing this info ahead of time will help you make the right financial decision.First step, figure out the APR.Aside from payment dates, one of the most important aspects of a loan is its APR. APR stands for annual percentage rate, and it’s a number that allows you to make an “apples-to-apples” comparison between different types loans and credit cards. It measures how much a loan will cost over the course of a full year.With credit card APRs, specifically, its wise to account for how long a given balance will be outstanding. If a $1,000 balance with a 20 percent APR is outstanding for a full year, it will cost you $200 in interest. However, if you pay that $1,000 balance off immediately, you will pay much less. And with regular credit card transactions, you might not pay any interest at allâ€"but more on that in the next section.When it comes to credit card cash advances, however, APR might actually  not  account for the full cost of the loan. While APR for loans and credit cards take into account origination charges and annual fees, they do not account for the additional fees youll pay on a cash advance. In order to account for the true cost of your cash advance, youll need to take both into account.So how do the APRs on cash advances look?Credit card cash advances have much higher APRs than regular purchases.According to this 2017 article in the New York Times, the average APR for a credit card cash advance is 23.68 percent. To give that number some context, it’s almost eight percent higher than the average interest rate for standard credit card transactions.And remember, that APR  doesnt  take into account the fee youll have to pay in order to take out your cash advance. According to that same report, the average cash advance fee is $10 or 5 percent of the amount withdrawn, whichever is higher. If you added 5 percent onto that standard APR, youd get a true cost of almost 30 percent!With credit card cash advances, there are no grace peri ods.Remember when we mentioned that you could avoid paying  any  interest on credit card purchases? Thats because they come with 30-day grace period between when the purchase is made and when interest starts accruing on that balance.So if you pay your credit card bill in full before that grace period is up, you won’t have to pay any interest beyond the price of what you actually purchased. It’s why, whenever possible, you should pay off your entire credit card bill every month instead of just making the minimum payment. Trust us, your credit score will thank you.However, credit card cash advances do not have a grace period, so that higher interest rate will start accumulating as soon as you get your cash.  While its impossible to get a credit card cash advance for free, youll still want to pay it off as  soon as possible  in order to minimize the total cost.The average APR for a payday cash advance is over 300 percent.  So that covers the kind of cash advance you can get with yo ur credit card, but what about the other  type of cash advance loans? The kinds you may have seen ads for online or in storefronts? Well, whether you get one of these as an online loan or as cash from your local currency exchange, these are a type of bad credit loan. Basically, theyre  payday loansâ€"they give you an advance on your next paycheckâ€"which means that the kinds of rates youll be dealing with are much higher.For example, some payday lenders will advertise themselves as offering cash advance loans. But unlike the APRs in the 20-30 percent  range  that you’d see with a credit card cash advance, these payday loans have average APRs above 300 percent! Thats 10 times the cost!It can be very hard to pay off a payday cash advance on time.The payment terms for payday cash advances also tend to be very short, usually around two weeks. If you can’t pay back the loan with all of its fees and interest in that time, you might have no choice but to roll the loan overâ€"paying ext ra money to extend the due dateâ€"or take out a new loan immediately after you pay the old one off.Rolling over or reborrowing these cash advance loans can quickly lead you into a cycle of debt, where you are always extending the loan without ever getting out from under it. This will be bad for your credit score and your finances in general. And unlike with credit cards, payday loans are no credit check loans, which means they won’t report your payments to the major credit bureaus. Even if you do pay off the loan in time, you won’t get proper credit for it. Literally.The APR on a credit card cash advance is likely to be higher than the rate for a traditional personal loan from a bank, but you may not qualify for a traditional bank loan depending what your credit score looks like. Taking out an advance on your card can be a reasonable option, though you’ll want to try to pay it back as quickly as possible to minimize the interest you’ll pay. One thing we can say for sure: the rates for credit card cash advances are  way  better than the rates for payday cash advance loans.To learn more about cash advances, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Will a Cash Advance Show up on Your Credit Report?Saving Strategies to Avoid a High-Interest Cash Advance LoanYour Guide to Cash Advance ScamsIf you had an unforseen expense, how would pay for it?  We want to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS FOR NURSES IN MANAGING POST-OPERATIVE PAIN Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Introduction Patients often have poor understanding of pain and as a result, often develop low expectations for pain relief and their level of satisfaction with the pain management efforts by the healthcare professionals. An effective management of pain can help patients to relieve their pain and achieve early mobilization thus helping patients to recover and return to normality as soon as possible. Effective pain management not only reduces the stay of patients at the hospital but also reduces the cost involved. Pain management is considered as the second most common nursing intervention. It is however still a consistent problem faced and has not been adequately addressed yet. The recurrence and higher probability of pain after surgery indicates the overall significance of the problem faced by the medical professionals. Since last many decades, various studies have critically highlighted the inadequate nature of the post-operative pain management by the physicians as well as by the nurses. These studies not only highlight the inadequate knowledge of the medical professionals but also provide a critical insight into the attitude of nurses and medical professionals towards post-operative pain management. Since it is also the second most common cause of nursing intervention therefore it directly affects the way nurses perform their job. We will write a custom essay sample on WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS FOR NURSES IN MANAGING POST-OPERATIVE PAIN or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now What is critical to note however is the fact that medical professionals including nurses lack the knowledge, education and face other barriers to manage the post-operative pain. This literature review will present a critical review of 10 articles on this topic using Critical Appraisal Skill Programme tool to critically evaluate the articles under study. Methodological Overview of Articles Rajeh et. al (2008) used a qualitative approach to understand and explore the perceptions and experience of nurses regarding post-operative pain management. By using semi-structured interviews from 26 nurses in Iranian educational hospitals, this study utilized constant comparative method to analyze the data. It has been suggested that there are widespread knowledge gaps which need to be addressed in order to effectively tackle post-operative pain management issues. Same approach has been undertaken by Blondal & Halldorsdottir (2009) also where through 20 dialogues with 10 experienced nurses were conducted to understand as to how nurses care patients suffering post-operative pain. This was a phenomenological study with focus on understanding the motivations of nurses in pain management and what actually restricts them to achieve the objective of relieving patient sufferings.

Multiculturalism Problems - 1353 Words

Multiculturalism has advanced these days in many ways allowing people to have more experience and learn from different cultures. It opens the minds of citizens all around the world who cannot travel and improve the way we think about others. Countries around the world has helped us in many ways by giving us their ideas and making our own ideas out of it. Multicultural societies have increased all around the world giving teaching everyone what it is like in different areas of the world. Asians roughly double their population share, from 3 to 6%, while Latinos nearly do this, growing from 10 to 18% and forging ahead of African Americans to become the largest minority population†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Alba 5). These two populations are increasing rapidly which†¦show more content†¦Due to the number of immigrants merging into America, the tax revenue has increased which means more money is given to the government, it may in be lower doses but these immigrants still must pay for everythi ng and have a living lifestyle here. Businesses in America have grown along the immigrants have worked with them in the workplace. Work places have more diverse workforce, staff members, and multicultural operations. Since the staff is diverse, some information is clearer to them and they deal with situations and help with labor, services, goods, and teach about the past heritages. Multicultural education as changed throughout the years for students and teachers. It is â€Å"refers to any form of education or teaching that incorporates the histories, texts, values, beliefs, and perspectives of people from different cultural backgrounds† (Concepts). Cultures all around the world do a lot of different things than us; this includes religion, language, and traditions. Students are taught about specific heritages and maybe for some get a background of their own culture. Depending on the grade levels, students are required to take a history class or language. History classes teach past experiences we have had with other countries and the benefits of working with them. Some countries have taught us different ways to cook food, learn certain tools to benefit us, and opened ourShow MoreRelatedMulticulturalism Is America s Unresolved Race Problem911 Words   |  4 PagesTherefore, as Christian Joppke aptly points out, â€Å"the direct origin of multiculturalism is America’s unresolved race problem† (Joppke 2011, 36). Indeed, in light of the aforementioned historical processes, multiculturalism began (and developed into the official multiculturalism of the 80s and 90s) as something quite similar to a â€Å"racial project† a la Omi and Winant. Seen as an integral step in guiding racial formation, Michael Omi and Howard Winant defines a racial project as following (Omi and WinantRead MoreMulticulturalism in Films651 Words   |  3 PagesThe key of multiculturalism in films lies on the concept of acceptance. It preaches on unseen realities tha t happened at the other side of the spectrum, of the people that we have never seen or heard of, of the people that did not share the same ideology and belief as we do, but, unavoidably, still the same being as all of us are. Culture, handled incorrectly, can bring us to the peak of separation, with matters such as racial prejudice and discrimination in line. However, there will always be aRead MoreEssay on Multiculturalism in Canada661 Words   |  3 PagesMulticulturalism is the existence of a culturally diversified society where people from different backgrounds and races come and live together. However an insight of this integrated society reveals that everyone seems to have a different opinion on the issue of how this diverse community should operate. One of the countries of North America called the mosaic is Canada. It has earned this distinct name because of the mix of races, cultures and ethnicities residing in it. Canadas geographical featuresRead MoreDiscrimination And I mmigration Policy Problems850 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination and Immigration Policy problems Canadian s immigration policies have been known to discriminate based on ethnicity. are speaks a lot to how Canadians shifted in accepting more immigrants, not necessarily because of an expanded view and approval for other ethnicities, but for labor and economic reasons. The post-war era required skillful workers, and now that European migration stalled Canada removed tightly bound racist policies ( Source 2). Before and during World War twoRead MoreThe Mosaic Of Diverse Cultures And Ethnic Backgrounds1688 Words   |  7 Pagesthe amount of diversity we possess, it is necessary to broaden the scope of our teaching methods in order to meet the needs of a wider range of students. While it is imperative that we cater to the needs of more than one demographic, a lack of multiculturalism still pervades our schools and cascades outward to the population as a whole. The effects of racism have permeated modern culture to the point where it is seen on a regular basis; it is in the mus ic we listen to and the television shows we watchRead MoreMulticulturalism Has Had a Rough Start648 Words   |  3 Pagesthose from the Middle East. If the immigrants come from Sweden, France, England and so on, we have no problems with them. We do not blame them for those things there going bad, but why? Is it because of the cultural differences, or is it just easier to blame the Arabs after 9/11? 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It becomes difficult to see how some of those â€Å"marginalized or minority† groups in Canada are able to find themselves, even today, in an inclusive, equal and democratic society when multiculturalism in public discourse often hold onto old or stereotypical understandings. It continues to act as an ongoing point of contention because of the lack of h istorical knowledge Canadians have, as well as the increasing lack of engagement day-to-dayRead MoreMulticulturalism And Polyculturalism From The Novel I Hotel Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I am going to examine examples of multiculturalism and polyculturalism from the novel â€Å"I Hotel† by Karen Tei Yamashita. For the examples I choose I am going to explain why and how these are examples of multiculturalism or polyculturalism. Also, I am goint to explain how the novel presents a new form of identification and how the examples of polyculturalism are related to such a new form of identification. I Hotel: A Novel, consists of ten novellas. Each novella introduces interestingRead MoreMulticultural Education, Its Purpose, Goals, And Challenges Inclusive824 Words   |  4 PagesBanks (2012) cited the history behind multicultural education, its purpose, goals, and challenges inclusive to multiculturalism. One of the challenges’ that Banks noted was the p roblem was with â€Å"Ideological resistance by assimilationist is a major factor that has slowed and is still slowing the development of a multicultural curriculum† (p. 244). Bank’s literature contributed to the knowledge of historical patterns associated with multicultural education and the need for more multicultural programs

How to Choose Abstract Essay Topics

How to Choose Abstract Essay Topics New Ideas Into Abstract Essay Topics Never Before Revealed There is really a third type of abstract critical. The very first point to remember is that your abstract doesn't require a particular flow. An abstract isn't a review, nor does this evaluate the work being abstracted. The shortage of understanding of the protests was not a consequence of scarce media attention. Therefore, the topic needs to be debatable! Somebody works part-time and doesn't have sufficient time to do all of the assignments. Academic papers can't contain any signals of plagiarism. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. While in most situations it's much better to briefly summarize the outcomes of the research, occasionally it's not possible to summarize the info in just a few sentences. As an example, students will in the net where the plutonium is not ever a complete variety of plasticity also implies that everything sounds o.K .. In particular, they will have to write all sorts of new academic assignments, and follow some totally new formatting requirements. You might also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. A great abstract will tell you exactly what the crucial issue that's addressed is, it's going provide you a good idea of the methods which were used and the conclusions that were arrived at. When it has to do with research abstract examples, the issue can be somewhat tricky. A better alternative is to read the abstract. Embedded system designers might be interested in my blog. Abstracting and indexing services for assorted academic disciplines are directed at compiling a body of literature for that specific subject. How to Get Started with Abstract Essay Topics? Many abstracts are informative. They allow readers who may be interested in a longer work to quickly decide whether it is worth their time to read it. A standard mistake regarding abstracts is writing them the exact same way that you would write the remainder of a research paper. If your grasp of language isn't richly idiomatic, writing abstracts or any other sort of essay can be hard. Generally, you'll need to simplify your wording. Abstract essay samples are usually short, written in about a couple of paragraphs. Descriptive abstracts are normally quite short100 words or less. Familiar essay writing is a trying undertaking which is why lots of students don't submit a great version of it. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. It's well worth noting that the kind of abstract a student writes strongly depends on the type of paper. If you are searching for descriptive essay examples here's a great one below. After reading the abstract, you may make an educated judgment about whether the dissertation would be worth it to read. A descriptive essay is a kind of essay which aims at assisting you to illustrate something to your reader in a manner they can see, feel, or hear what it is you're discussing. An argumentative essay is a certain kind of academic writing.

Glossary AARON Essay Example For Students

Glossary: AARON Essay XdvFrom Titus Andronicus (Act II, scene I)Now at this timeclimbeth to ascend with effortTamora name of the queen of the GothsOlympus the mountain which was the residence of the ancient Greek godstop summitSafe to render secureout beyondof Indicating a situation, condition, or state, the departure or emergence fromfortunes the good or ill that befalls manshot the action of shooting as a means of attackand as well assits to be in a position of restaloft above Secure free from dangerthunders the loud noise following a flash of lightningcrack disruption; breachor and lightning the flash of light that precedes thunderflash an dazzling burst of light energyAdvanced to lift; to raise (singular past)above comparatively higherpale not fresh of colour; wanenvys -malice; spite; hatethreatening menacing, dangerousreach the extent to which an agency or power is limited As in the quality ofwhen at the time ofthe definite article, employed in general as at presentgolden resembling gold in color or brightnesssun the luminary that makes the day; the star at the center of our solar systemsalutes to greet, to make courteous notice ofmorn the first part of the day; the morninghaving endowment gilt gold laid upon a surfaceocean the great sea with being held togetherhis masculine possessive pronounbeams ray of light, emitted from the sunGallops to run throughzodiac the twelve astrological signs through which the sun passesin within glistering shining; sparklingcoach a close carriageoverlooks to view from a higher pointhighest-peering of the greatest altitudehills mountainsSo in the same degreeUpon to exist together or alongside of each other as compatible facts; to co-exist her female possessivewit marked mental faculty of any kinddoth does earthly pertaining to the earthhonour people of high reputation and renownwait to stay in expectation of virtue any good merit or accomplishmentstoops to bow; to yield; to submittrembles to quiver; to quakeat a point of place or timefrown a stern and surly lookThen at that timeAaron name of the Moor who recites this speecharm to armor; to equipthy yourheart the source of will and inclination, also the source or love and amorous desirefit to preparethoughts ideasTo motion towards action, place, or statemount to ascend imperial pertaining to an empire or emperormistress a woman who has command and governspitch height, unto a heightwhom direct object interrogativethou you, speaking to self in second persontriumph victory; conquestlong not for a shot amount of time; an extended period of timeHast haveprisoner a person confined held kept in; detainedfetterd to be shackled; to be tied downamorous pertaining to lovechains a series of links or rings connected; a device made to restraint (metaphor)faster closely; tightlybound to be confined; to be restrainedcharming magical; bewitchingeyes the organ of sight; the window to the soul; Than indicating an object of perception separated from the subjectis singular present indicator of verb bePrometheus the demigod who stole fire from heaventied bound; restrainedCaucasus chain of mountains between Europe and AsiaAway to discard slavish slave-likeweeds clothing servile as a peasantthoughts anything conceived in the mindI pronoun of the first personwill to wish; to desirebe becomebright of splendid beautyshine to glitterpearl a white, shining body; often worn as a jewelgold the most precious metalthis indicating a thing or person just mentioned new-made restored to a previous stateempress the consort of an emperor or female sovereignsaid spoken; utteredwanton to play (suggestive)queen a female sovereign or the consort of a kinggoddess a female deitySemiramis queen of Assyria, known for her crueltynymph a goddess of the mountains, woods or waterssiren a mermaidthat indicating a thing or person presentcharm to affect with magic powerRomes pertaining to the c apital city of Italy, chief seat of power during the Holy Roman EmpireSaturnine name of the newly chosen emperorsee to perceive with the eyeshipwreck the destruction of a ship by rocks or shelvescommonweals commonwealth; republic; body politic .u69ae7f1e7389e0d47e7365470598ce1f , .u69ae7f1e7389e0d47e7365470598ce1f .postImageUrl , .u69ae7f1e7389e0d47e7365470598ce1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; 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Kusatex Finest Textiles free essay sample

The owner of this company is Shafiqurrahman Shamsuddin @ Shafiq that holds a Bachelor Degree in Accounting and Statistics from London and pursued his MBA in Anglia Business School of Cambridge. Before Shafiq established this company, he lead the Business Development Department of RADICARE Group of Companies that provides non-clinical support services to hospitals, medical institutions and healthcare professionals. He also holds various positions in UMNO association since 2002 until 2009. Before he starts the Kusatex Finest Textiles company, he established the first company which is ISBEC Sdn Bhd that located in KEDA Industrial Park in Jeniang, Sik, Kedah at the year 2002. This company was used as like the RADICARE’s management to solve the company’s service in healthcare and hospitality industries. In early 2000, the government was launching a scheme of ‘1 Village 1 Product’ and Shafiq was expanded his business as a manufacturing company in 2003 using a different license from ISBEC Sdn Bhd based on that scheme as proposed by the Ministry of Finance. We will write a custom essay sample on Kusatex Finest Textiles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not long after that, he started the Kusatex Finest Textiles company as his first fabric weaving factory in Bandar Darulaman, Jitra, Kedah. This company is an expertise in manufacturing and producing high quality fabric products which include uniforms, towels, linen and bedding to government departments and the private sector. In 2004, the factory moved to KEDA Industrial Park in Napoh near Jitra with a wider acreage and operated from there until today to increase the demand of customers and production. KUSATEX was supply the army, navy, air force, hospitals, fire bridge and PLKN uniforms, towels, bed sheets and others. Mr.Shafiq is very strict in managing his people. He wants his staff to follow job procedure and ensure the work done with adequate preparation. He is also very concerned and critical about job documentation and make sure all the works be documented and kept in proper place. He motivates his management staff by giving motivational talks to them. Moreover, Mr. Shafiq interacts with his staffs from all levels of works from management to factory worker’s level. This made his staff feel appreciated and motivated to work for The issue that we can obtained from the case is the lack of interest among the entrepreneurs, the product (bed protector) did not get the approval from the SIRIM, they are not allowed to enter tender related to business in sewing, his workers of the Kusatex are not skillful, KUSATEX have problem to get the financial support, they also have problem in entering the private sector market that related to their products and they has difficulties in planning the strategy to market their product and also to build collaboration. When the product was tested by SIRIM, it failed to meet the standard that has been set by SIRIM. Therefore, KUSATEX have to import products from other countries like USA. Moreover, before Kusatex was established, ISBEC is a company that operates for weaving. That particular company cannot precede their business in sewing scope because before this, ISBEC was licensed under Ministry of Finance but not for sewing. So, when they want to enter the tender related to the business for sewing, they are not allowed to do so because they do not have any code for that purpose.

Free Essays on How The Gold Rush Began

How The Gold Rush Began The California Gold Rush Shortly after the acquisition of California from Mexico. A man by the name of John Sutter arrived in East San Francisco Bay in 1839. Born in Germany he had to leave because he was unable to pay his creditors. With plenty of charm and letters from friends he convinced the Mexican governor of California to award him a land grant of more than 50,000 acres. John Sutter built a stockade and a fort and soon after became referred to as Captain Sutter, and his riverbank establishment Sutters Fort. Sutter chose a location on the south fork of the American River, 50 miles to the south of his fort, to build a sawmill . A millrace was dug and wooden gates were opened periodically so that the current would widen and deepen the channel. During his inspection on January 24, 1848 James W. Marshall found the first piece of gold at the end of the race. Over the next decade his discovery would have a profound effect on the experiences of hundreds of thousands of individuals , their families, their communities, and ultimately the nation as a whole. By the winter of 1848, whispers of a gold strike had drifted eastward across the country but few easterners believed it. The gold discovery needed validation, and President Polk was just the one to deliver it. In his opening address to Congress on December 5, 1848 Polk said that at the time of the California acquisition it was known that â€Å"mines of the precious metals existed to some extent. Recent discoveries render it probable that these mines are more extensive and valuable than was anticipated. The accounts of the abundance of gold in that territory are of such an extraordinary character as would scarcely command belief were they not corroborated by authentic reports.† With Polk’s address making headlines around the world Gold Fever had begun. The future forty-niners now under the influence of Gold Fever had to overcome a cruel journey, miserable li... Free Essays on How The Gold Rush Began Free Essays on How The Gold Rush Began How The Gold Rush Began The California Gold Rush Shortly after the acquisition of California from Mexico. A man by the name of John Sutter arrived in East San Francisco Bay in 1839. Born in Germany he had to leave because he was unable to pay his creditors. With plenty of charm and letters from friends he convinced the Mexican governor of California to award him a land grant of more than 50,000 acres. John Sutter built a stockade and a fort and soon after became referred to as Captain Sutter, and his riverbank establishment Sutters Fort. Sutter chose a location on the south fork of the American River, 50 miles to the south of his fort, to build a sawmill . A millrace was dug and wooden gates were opened periodically so that the current would widen and deepen the channel. During his inspection on January 24, 1848 James W. Marshall found the first piece of gold at the end of the race. Over the next decade his discovery would have a profound effect on the experiences of hundreds of thousands of individuals , their families, their communities, and ultimately the nation as a whole. By the winter of 1848, whispers of a gold strike had drifted eastward across the country but few easterners believed it. The gold discovery needed validation, and President Polk was just the one to deliver it. In his opening address to Congress on December 5, 1848 Polk said that at the time of the California acquisition it was known that â€Å"mines of the precious metals existed to some extent. Recent discoveries render it probable that these mines are more extensive and valuable than was anticipated. The accounts of the abundance of gold in that territory are of such an extraordinary character as would scarcely command belief were they not corroborated by authentic reports.† With Polk’s address making headlines around the world Gold Fever had begun. The future forty-niners now under the influence of Gold Fever had to overcome a cruel journey, miserable li...

Democracy and Citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Democracy and Citizenship - Essay Example Specifically, the form of globalization that characterizes the current economy is one that seeks to establish one universal, synthetic culture that is entirely open to capitalistic rigidness, while at the same time rejects and erodes the older, deeper culture and traditions of individual societies and peoples. This hurts the world at a local level, and is bad for the greater population—for this general reason, I support the community economy as an alternative. Harvey’s critique of the system that the world depends on today points out how neoliberalism and capitalism have affected what society’s priorities are. He says that countries using such a system â€Å"typically favor the integrity of the financial system†¦ over the well-being of the population or environmental quality† (Harvey 71). This is a concept that I fundamentally disagree with, as I see it as a violation of business ethics and a lack of concern for two things that are of utmost importanc e—human life, and the condition of the planet we inhabit. Harvey also describes how neoliberalism enforces a redistribution of resources. This redistribution, however, is not the type that is favored by more communal systems, such as Marxist theory, but instead works quite the opposite. While many people may be conditioned to believe that capitalism is completely naturally in allowing money and wealth to flow where it is earned, it can accurately be said that, just as socialism may redistribute resources to the poor according to need, the neoliberal system is a redistribution of wealth to the upper classes (Harvey 9). Beyond the manipulation of wealth, neoliberalism also robs the population of some of its sovereignty. While citizens entrust their government with basic functions and resources, neoliberalism encourages the government to redistribute those responsibilities and resources to private corporations (Harvey 77). This is, in a sense, taking power from the hands of the government, which represents the whole population, and placing it in the hands of the few who have a private interest in profit. Indeed, this is a complete contradiction in my view. Harvey’s critique continues along these lines. He highlights two particular misgivings about the current system, one being the capitalist fixation with technology as a solution for everything. In reality, he says, technology is tied to the destruction of the environment, social breakdowns, and crises (Harvey 69). The even greater problem, however, is that neoliberalism has become so ingrained in law and society that it has created an inescapable web, making it extremely difficult for society as a whole to undo what groundwork has been laid (Harvey 63). These all demonstrate the complete lack of consideration in the modern economy for the community, for local benefit, and for human happiness. I do not support such an approach, as I believe in having a consideration for the well-being of all people, in following the Golden Rule of doing unto others as you would have them do to you, and in promoting the concepts of liberty and happiness rather than an unequal socio-economic systems that brings wealth and power into the hands of the few. The benefits of the community economy, as an alternative to capitalism, are superfluous. Many movements exist already that are rooted in the community eco

World Trade Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

World Trade Organization - Essay Example All of that changed abruptly in 1994, when, contradicting earlier gloomy predicts, the 'Uruguay Round' of trade negotiations under the GATT ended in strengthening the international trading system, but also with an agreement to establish the WTO. As the World Trade Organization (WTO) approaches its cherished goal of "international WTO-Membership', the areas of difference among members tend to widen. Also, it becomes extremely hard to settle the conflicting economic interests of the signatories. The question arise, does World Trade required the WTO This is the basic problem on which the problem of WTO reform hinges. World trade did not require the WTO to engorge seventeen times extra between 1948 and 1997, from $124 billion to $10,772 billion (WTO, 1998, pg. 12). This growth happened under the stretchy GATT trading system. The WTO's origin in 1995 did not act in response to a collapse or crisis of world trade such as happened in the 1930's. It was not essential for international peace, since no world war or trade-related war had happened during that phase. In the nine major inter-state wars that took place in that period-the Korean War of 1950-53, the Vietnam War of 1945-75, the Suez Crisis of 1956, the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, the 1982 Falklands War, the Gulf War of 1990, Afghanistan war, and finally the Iraq ear-trade conflict did not figure even distantly as a cause. GATT was, actually, working sensibly well as a support for strengthening world trading system. Its proper dispute resolution system was supple and with its appreciation of the "special and differential status" of yet to be developed nations, it offered the space in an international economy for Third World nations to use trading strategy for growth and industrialization. Why was then WTO found following the 'Uruguay Round' of 1986-94 Of the main trading nations, Japan was in two minds, frightened as it was to defend its agriculture and its picky system of industrialized production that, through authorized and unauthorized means, gave its local manufacturers principal rights to use the domestic marketplace. The European Union, well on the way of becoming a independent trading community, was similarly hesitant, knowing that it's very sponsored system in agriculture would come beleaguered. Though demanding greater admittance to their created and agricultural products in the Northern economies, the rising nations did not perceive this as being achieved through a broad agreement imposed by a controlling trading system of government but through isolated negotiations and contracts in the model of the "Integrated Program for Commodities" (IPCs) and "Commodity Stabilization Fund" had the same opinion in the aegis of UNCTAD of late seventies. The beginning of the WTO served mainly the interest of the America. Just as it was the U.S. which stopped the beginning of the International Trade Organization (ITO) in 1948, when it believed that this wouldn't serve up its position of irresistible economic domination in the post-war world, so it was the U.S. that became the leading 'client' for the widespread Uruguay Round and the start of the WTO, when it sensed that more aggressive global circumstances had produced a condition where its business interests now required a contradictory stand. Just as it was the U.S.'s intimidation in the fifties to leave GATT if it wasn't permitted to uphold protecting means for milk

Ataturk Reforms Possible

Ataturk Reforms Possible Abstract: Most studies on Ataturk Reforms focus on the intentions of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Yet, the intentions alone do not explain how the reforms became possible. This paper rather looks at the conditions prevailing at the time of the reforms. It shows that due to a variety of factors, both domestic and international, the state and the society stood in opposite relations in Turkey: the former was exceptionally strong while the latter was seriously weakened and fragmented. The contingent nature of these conditions throws doubt on the re-doability of Ataturk reforms elsewhere. Extremely impressed and overly excited, Bryan Woodman speaks to his wife on the phone. The topic is an Arab Prince, Nasir, he recently met for a business purpose. Having a PhD in economics from Cambridge, young, ambitious, and reformist, Nasir could be like Ataturk. So Bryan Woodman told her wife, the most he could say in expressing his admiration for the Prince charming, Nasir. What does this symbolize, the mention of the name, Ataturk, in the mouth of an unlikely figure, an energy specialist in a Geneva-based investment company, in a movie like Syriana? No one probably wonders and questions the appropriateness of the name chosen to describe Nasir. For many Ataturk seems the perfect match for our problems in the Middle East. He was well mannered, well dressed, and well educated, could speak French and knew the Western philosophy and lifestyle very well. He could dance in the private gatherings and was a true gentleman to women, marrying only once. His political actions even testify better. Ataturk is an icon of everything the West has wanted to export to the rest of the world: nation building, state building, republicanism, liberation of women. More importantly, he is the champion of secularization. Therefore, in the post 9/11 world, the name, Ataturk, probably arouses even more admiration for he did what is now even unimaginable to many today. He abolished the caliphate, the symbol of political Islam, closed down the madrasahs and Sharia courts, banned the Sufi brotherhoods, changed the Islamic law to a Western law, so and so forth. For many all other modernizers in the Middle East, from Gemal Abdel Naser of Egypt to Reza Shah of Iran failed simply because they could not become Ataturk enough in one way or another. Mustafa Kemal, or famously known as Ataturk, was an Ottoman general, who became a war hero as a commander in the Dardanelles in the First World War. The Ottoman Empire was on the losing side when the war ended and signed the treaty of Sevr, according to which the Turks were left with a small piece of territory in Anatolia, all the former extensive Ottoman lands being divided among various Allied countries. Therefore, when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk landed in Samsun in May of 1919, the country was under foreign occupation. In the following three years under his leadership what is now Turkey (except Hatay province) was cleared off from foreign forces through a combination of war and diplomacy. Starting with the abolition of the sultanate in 1922, Ataturk then led a series of reforms, an important part of which was to rewrite the Turkish history. According to this, the new Republic of Turkey was truly like a phoenix, a legendary bird coming into being from the ashes. This official attitude h ad three mutually reinforcing historical assertions. First, the new republic was a radical break from the past, a novel and original state on its own. Second, the republic owed its existence to the genius of one-man, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Third, and more importantly, the new republic denied any credit to the Ottoman period, claiming that she inherited nothing, but an extremely backward society from the past, implying furthermore whatever good contemporary Turkey now enjoys was all product of the new republic. And, it worked quite successfully. This new image of Turkey was well accepted at home, understandably because the new state propagated its official history with all means available: state rituals, school textbooks, national monuments, which were constructed to serve the myth of Mustafa Kemal as the sole prophet of the Turkish nation and national holidays, such as 19 May or 30 August, which ritualized the celebration and commemoration of important events. More surprisingly perhaps, this new image of Turkey was wholeheartedly accepted abroad. It was probably best reflected in the image of Ataturk himself. Academicians and journalists alike have this image of Ataturk all over as a stubborn idealist, driven only by ideas and ideals with no practical concern at all in other realities all around, a dedicated missionary, who followed not his self-interest, but what he thought as good for his country, a miracle maker turning an Islamic country into a Western society, an extremely magnetic pe rson, whose mystical aura, under which a whole nation united, still has an enduring effect over the central Turkish state institutions, especially, the army, an unbelievably and absolutely powerful figure, nothing but whose likes and dislikes determined the whole historical course of a nation. Thus in every comparison we, as scholars, intellectuals and journalists, made we created an Ataturk, a sort of a Feurbachian figure, who has all attributes we think our hopeless Middle East needs. No question Ataturk was a phenomenal transmitter between the West and Turkey of the formers institutions, lifestyle, and philosophy into the latter. And, he was quite successful in that. His legacy clearly marks Turkey off from the rest of the Islamic world. Without taking into account his reforms, it is almost impossible to explain and understand, for example, the process and associated problems of democratization in Turkey, contemporary Turkish-Kurdish problems, contemporary issues of religion and politics in Turkey, and Turkeys drive toward European Union. Having said that, all forms of unchecked nostalgic and romantic ideas about him will not help us to understand and, if possible, derive lessons from his example for our contemporary world. This paper is an attempt to bring Ataturk from the Olympus Mountain back on the ground, addressing more specifically the following question: what made Ataturk reforms, apparently so radical, possible in the early 20th century Turkey? This has at least two immediate payoffs. First, academically, we will have a much clearer understanding of an important historical period in the history of the Middle East. Second, practically, we will be much more realistic about the do-ability of similar reforms elsewhere. The paper is organized as follows. In the coming section I visit the explanations proposed to account for Ataturk reforms. The underlying logic in these explanations is to show the possible intentions could motivate the reforms. The objection I raise in this paper is that understanding the intentio ns is not enough to explain the reforms. Rather we need analyze how conducive the conditions were to undertake the reforms. Then, I discuss two conditions that were present in Turkey during the time of Ataturk reforms: a strong state and an extremely weakened society and religious community. What Has Been Proposed? The following Ataturk reforms have been generally considered as touching religion and religious institutions in Turkey and as secularizing the Turkish state and society. Historically first introduced, major reforms came in March of 1924: the caliphate was abolished, (3 March), the madrasahs (3 March), the office of Sheikh al Islam (3 March), the ministry of religious affairs and pious foundations (3 March), and the sharia courts (8 March) closed down. A second major set of reforms came in November of 1925: hat reform and dress code were introduced (25 November), Sufi orders closed down and their activities banned (30 November). In October of 1926, the Swiss civil and the Italian penal codes were adopted. In November of 1928, the new Turkish alphabet, adopted from Latin alphabet, was introduced, replacing the Arabic one. And, finally, in November of 1934, religious nicknames and titles, such as, haci (one who went to pilgrimage), hafiz (one who memorized the Quran), hoca (religious te acher), molla (religious student), were banned. As to why Ataturk undertook these reforms, most explanations put forward the following simple story. Because he was extremely impressed by the West, Ataturk wanted to transform the Turkish state and society into something they had never been: western, or modern or secular. For this to happen, he had to cut the ties to the Ottoman past, which had been Islamic. With this master project in mind, Ataturk introduced his reforms. Then, the whole explanation discusses how the aforementioned reforms contributed to the master project guiding Ataturks actions. Bernard Lewis The Emergence of Modern Turkey is probably the best study to be shown as exemplifying the explanations of this sort. Lewis signals this right at the beginning, in Preface saying the theme of this book is the emergence of a new Turkey from the decay of the old. Only in Chapter VIII of the book, titled the Kemalist Republic, he sets out to explain the logic of Ataturk reforms, each reform being an attempt to break the ties with the past. For him, for example, transferring the capital from Istanbul to Ankara was an act against the new Turkeys past. For nearly five centuries Istanbul had been the capital of an Islamic empire†¦ Turkish Istanbul, with its mosques and palaces, its divines and courtiers; Pera, the Levantine suburb†¦ these were intimately associated with the past†¦ And so a new capital was chosen, symbolizing and accentuating the changes that were taking place. Likewise, the caliphate was the link with the past and with Islam. It was precisely for that reason that he [Ataturk] was determined to break it. Hat reform, banning the tall, red, challenging fez proclaiming at once his refusal to conform to the West and his readiness to abase his unimpeded brow before God, was vivid and profound, the forcible transference of a whole nation from one civilization to another. The alphabet reform, with which Mustafa Kemal†¦ was slamming a door to the past as well as opening a door to the future, destroyed the last symbol that bound her [Turkey] to the Orient and set her apart from the Western community of nations -the Arabic script. The Emergence of Modern Turkey was first published in 1961, in the heyday of modernization school. More than forty years later, two Turkish scholars would still speak in the same language. Mustafa Kemal and his supporters imagined a new state modeled on the basic principles and outlines of the European style national state. For them this required a cognitive and political negation of the old regime and an establishment of a new era. There have been fancier attempts in the same spirit. For example, Serif Mardin (1991), a famous Turkish sociologist-historian, argues that Ataturk disliked the Ottoman street, Mahalle, so much that his reforms eliminated the components of the Ottoman street in the new Turkish society. Likewise, Volkan and Itzkowitz (1984) claim, for example, that the alphabet reform reflected Ataturks psychological urge to liberate her mother, who was equated with the Turkish nation in his mind, from the forces of oppression, obscurantism, and superstition. Hence, the ref orm saved the nation, replacing the dead mother now, from the same devils. In contrast to this dominant, excessively idealistic view of Ataturk reforms, there have been, however sporadically attempted, studies proposing alternative explanations grounded more in rationalism or in strategic circumstances of the period. Unlike the idealistic views approach of one-overarching explanation for all reforms, these studies analyze each reform on its own. A discussion of a few examples will suffice for our purpose here. Behind the adoption of the Swiss Civil code in 1926, for example, Dora G. Nadolski sees Turkeys desire to establish full control over its own legal system by destroying the last vestiges of the capitulatory system. Under this system, as G.L. Lewis puts it, foreigners were not subject to Turkish laws; they paid no taxes, their houses and business premises were inviolable, and they could be arrested or deported only by order of their own Ambassadors. This system not only let foreign powers to intervene in internal affairs of Turkey, thus challenging her sovereignty, but also privileged foreigners and non-Muslim Ottoman citizens, who took foreign passports, in the commercial life of Turkey. The capitulations were first abrogated in 1914 unilaterally. However, they were re-imposed again after the First World War to be re-abrogated in the treaty of Lausanne, now recognized by France and Britain. Nadolski (1977) argues that the abrogation was still not complete. It was because the Mecelle, codification of the Sharia based on the Hanefite fiqh and replaced by the Swiss Civil code in 1926, was not itself a complete civil code for it did not contain that portion of the Sharia which treats procedures of family, marriage and inheritance. As a result, secular court systems would not be able to deal with cases related to these issues. This would remain as a possible venue for the foreign power to intervene in lawsuits involving non-Muslim foreigners in Turkey. In any case, Turkey was obliged to adopt a Western law system for its minorities according to the treaty of Lausanne. Rather than keep a dual system, the new regime preferred a unitary legal system within its territories. In short, the adoption of Swiss Civil code meant the abandonment of the dual court system, religious and secular, final abrogation of the remaining vestiges of the capitulatory system, and the abolition of the Mecelle. How well did Turkey in implementing the Swiss Civil Code? The International Association of Legal Sciences met in 1955 to discuss this issue, and Hilmi Ziya Ulken summarizes the finding: of the 937 articles of the Swiss Civil Code, only 335 by 1955 have been used effectively, that in the case of two-thirds of the articles no circumstances to which they are applicable have emerged. Surprisingly, the Swiss Civil Code, was hardly implemented in two areas: family law and land laws, two areas which almost all scholars single out as the Code turning the country truly into a Western or secular one. Why is there a discrepancy between the declared objective and the realized outcome? Here is not the place to speculate on the reasons. However, it is an important question to answer because Turkeys performance in fact may indicate the pragmatism, not idealism, of Turkish rulers in adopting the Swiss Code. It should be also noted that there were minor changes introduced into the Swiss Code before a dopted in Turkey. As noted by Gotthand Jaschke, one change is a telling one. The Code banned marriages between couples if they were milk-bred by the same woman (in Turkish, sut kardesleri), which was clearly from the Islamic law. For the alphabet reform, not only the Turkish reformers themselves but also a few scholars like Uriel Heyd (1954) and Frank Tachau (1977) noted the inefficiency and the inability of the Arabic script to render Turkish words and expressions as correctly as possible. There are a few inefficiencies to be noted. First, there are no letters in Arabic script for certain sounds of Turkish, like p as p in put, j as g in mortgage, à § as ch in chat and ÄŸ. This problem was easy to solve for some other symbols, like Ù ¾ for p, Ú˜ for j, Ú†, for à § stood for them. More serious problem was with the Turkish vowels. In Arabic vowels are not written. Even for a native Arab speaker this may pose a trouble in cases where the endings of words change in accordance with grammatical functions they have in a specific sentence. Two factors alleviate the problem for native Arab speakers. First, Arabic is an extremely structured language. Second, there are basically three vowel sounds in Arabic. T urkish does not enjoy the same advantages. For example, there are eight vowels in Turkish, a as in a in father, e as e in red, Ä ± as e in open, i as ee in beet, o as o in no, à ¶ as e in her, u as oo in pool, and à ¼ as u in nude. There were some introductions into the Ottoman script to represent the Turkish vowels, Ùˆ, Ù‰, and Ø § used in the place of vowels. However, the solution was not complete; for example, Ù„Ø ¤ could be pronounced as either lu, là ¼, lo or là ¶, Finally, لى as li or lÄ ±. In addition to the confusions that may arise with the vowels, there are not only letters in Arabic script that have no corresponding sound in Turkish, like Ø ¹ and Ù‚, but also quite a number of letters that are close enough that will sound like one sound to a native Turkish ear. For the example of this latter group, Ø ¶, Ø ², Ø °, and Ø ¸, all sound very close to the Turkish letter z as z in zip; Ø · and Ø ªvery close to the Turkish letter t as t in top; à ™â€¡ , Ø ®, and Ø ­, very close to the Turkish letter h as h in hot; Ø ³ and Ø µ very close to the Turkish letter s as s in sand. Therefore, in an age of the modern states educating their citizens en masse, the alphabet reform seems quite efficient step to take. In fact, literacy level rapidly increased in Turkey, which can be attributed in part to the alphabet reform. When we analyze each reform within its own particular context, paying particular attention to domestic and international factors involved at the time of the reform, we face a rather different picture of Ataturk reforms, a different set of factors at work. For many this is not surprising because different paradigms, grounding the motivations of actors in different factors, be it idealistic or materialistic or individual-psychological or structural, are at work in different analyses. In this paper I neither offer another explanation, challenging the existing explanations of Ataturk reforms, nor visit the old debates among various paradigms. In fact, I firmly believe that this debate has been a healthy one for our understanding of politics, therefore, should continue. Rather I want to offer here a complimentary analysis, focusing instead on the factors that affected the reformers opportunities, making the reforms possible. Why is this latter analysis important? Any analysis, just focusing on the motivations of Turkish rulers in introducing the reforms, suffers from at least two weaknesses. First, such an analysis portrays, either implicitly or explicitly, an image of Ataturk who was absolutely powerful and extremely magical. His personal wishes, likes and dislikes will matter more than any other reason. Not only logically, but also historically this is unacceptable if we are not a sort of a Carlylian hero-worshipper. Any reading of his long speech, called Nutuk, delivered in 15-20 October 1927, will show conclusively that his authority was not well established up until 1927. His speech later became the official Turkish historiography, in which Mustafa Kemal discredited not only the sultan in Istanbul, but also his former colleagues, who actually fought in the independence war, and emphasized his own role and the novelty and originality of the national movement he had led. Second, and more importantly, such an analysis will invite us to make more speculations on why some other reform suggestions, as logical as those already introduced and implemented, were not implemented or never introduced in the first place. The most notable example was Ataturks personal initiative to turkify the language of basic Islamic rituals, like adhan, preaching in the Friday prayer and the Quran recitation. In this vein, in the month of Ramadan in 1932, he visited Istanbul to promote the recitation of the Quran in Turkish. He personally participated in the programs held in 22 January 1932 in Yerebatan Mosque, then in the Sultanahmet Mosque on 29 January of 1932. The most impressive program was held in Ayasofya mosque on 3 February 1932. Not only the Quran, but also the adhan was recited in Turkish, the whole program being aired in the radio. The final novelty was introduced on 5 February 1932, Ataturk personally asking Hafiz Sadettin Kaynak, who later became a famous compose r, to deliver the Friday prayer preaching in Turkish, Kaynak wearing western clothes rather than traditional religious garbs. The adhan in Turkish had been successfully implemented until 1950 when the Democrat Party lifted the ban on the adhan in Arabic. In Turkey, preaching in the Friday prayers is still held in Turkish except for the final parts which are in Arabic. But, for reasons unknown to us, Ataturk simply did not pursue the idea of the Quran recitation further, devoting his time to the purification of Turkish language from Persian and Arabic from then on. There were other reform potentials in Turkey. For example, the language of Islamic prayer, namaz, could also be turkified for there were suggestions along this line. In fact, in 1926 a certain imam of Goztepe Mosque in Istanbul, Celalettin Efendi, led the prayer in Turkish, upon which he was fired from the Directorate of Religious Affairs. But, apparently, Ataturk was not interested in the idea for we do not know any attempt on his side to promote the prayer in Turkish. Ataturk also did not pursue the idea of banning the veil for women, which Reza Shah of Iran and King Emanullah of Afghanistan, both being contemporary of Ataturk, pursued in their countries. In fact when King Emanullah was overthrown, Ataturk was reported to say I warned him to proceed slowly on the issue of womens veil. What Made Reforms Possible? Unlikely Conditions Like any other politician, whose authority was not inherited, but obtained, Ataturk faced opposition at every stage from his landing in Samsun on. He was not alone in the leadership cadre of the independence movement. This can readily be seen through a comparative reading of memoirs, written by individuals like Kazim Karabekir, Halide Edip Adivar, Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Riza Nur, Rauf Orbay, who wrote their own narratives of the independence war in response to Ataturks Nutuk. In contrast to one-man leadership of Nutuk, these narratives show the agency and significance of a plurality of leaders and common people who took part in the Independence Struggle and the process of nation building in the twenties. Ataturk and his clique, therefore, competed with other political rivals both during and after the war of independence. During the war, for example, some former Unionists attempted to replace Mustafa Kemal with Enver Pasha, Ottoman minister of war during the First World War. Only Ataturks successful command of the Turkish forces in the war of Sakarya killed the dreams of Enver Pasha. There was even more serious challenge to Mustafa Kemal and his clique in the Turkish parliament. There emerged a group in the parliament, consisting of 118 deputies opposing Mustafa Kemal, the remaining 197 deputies supporting him. After the war, Mustafa Kemal organized his supporters into a political party, the Peoples Party, and called for an election. The opponents could not organize into a single party and lost the elections. Out of 118 deputies only 3 could get into the second parliament. It was this second parliament, which declared Turkey as a republic and elected Mustafa Kemal as its president. Opposition to Mustafa Kemal even continued in the second parliament, now led by much more formidable opponents. In November of 1924, the first leaders of the independence war, Rauf Orbay, Refet Bele, Ali Fuat Cebesoy, and Kazim Karabekir, commanding great reputation and respect both in the army and among the masses, formed an opposition party in the parliament. The party was joined by others, who resigned from Ataturks party. According to a calculation, the percentage of military officials in this party was 44 percent, in contrast to just 18 percent in Ataturks party. Especially, the Istanbul bureaucracy, who was not happy to lose their privileges with the shift of capital to Ankara, was behind Rauf Orbay, himself a war hero during the First World War. In the memoirs of these individuals one strongly feels how marginalized they saw themselves in the post-Ottoman Turkey by those, who joined the war of independence late yet were close to Ataturk. In the meantime, a massive Kurdish rebe llion broke out in the Eastern Anatolia in February of 1925, giving Ataturk and his clique, controlling the government and the parliament, an opportunity to accuse the opposition party of inspiring the rebellion. The party was closed in June of 1925. One year later an assassination attempt on the life of Mustafa Kemal was thwarted in Izmir. An extra-ordinary court was formed, entirely run by the deputies of Ataturks party. The court ruled the execution of 19 former Unionists and jailed Rauf Orbay. Partly due to public outcry, Ali Fuat Cebesoy and Kazim Karabekir were released. Only after the trials ended, resulting in the complete exile from active political life of all possible political rivals, Ataturk and his clique could feel secure in their positions. As a side note, it is rumored that toward the end of his life, Ataturk wanted to heal the broken-hearts of his friends, but no meeting between him and his former colleagues and then rivals materialized as far as we know. An interesting anecdote is illustrative of his approach toward dealing with the opposition. It was during the committee meetings in the Turkish parliament in 1922. The issue was whether to abolish the Sultanate or not. The ulama members of the committee engaged in a hot scholarly debate about whether the caliphate and the sultanate could be separated. Enraged by these never ending debates, Mustafa Kemal interrupted the committee meeting and asked for permission to speak up. Granted, he bluntly said: Sovereignty and Sultanate are not given to anyone by anyone because scholarship proves that they should be; or through discussion or debate. Sovereignty and Sultanate are taken by strength, by power and by force. It was by force that the sons of Osman seized sovereignty and Sultanate of the Turkish nation; they have maintained this usurpation for six centuries. Now the Turkish nation has rebelled, has put a stop to these usurpers, and has effectively taken sovereignty and Sultanate into i ts own hands. This is an accomplished fact -the question is merely how to give expression to it. This will happen in any case. If those gathered here, the assembly and everyone else could look at this question in a natural way, I think they would agree. Even if they do not, the truth will still find expression, but some heads may roll in the process, in the final sentence, waving his hand toward the members around their necks. Ataturk was indeed a man of his word, not failing to resort to force if his authority was challenged. And, as I briefly described above, his authority did not go unchallenged. Yet, there is a feature common to all opponents of Ataturk. They had no societal power base, their influence coming mostly from their positions in the state apparatus. The elimination of none of the potential rivals in fact led to massive protests from the society. Only Seyh Said rebellion, which broke out in 1925 in Eastern Anatolia, does not fit into this category. It was a massive rebellion, led by a Kurdish Nakshi Seyh. Yet, it is better to consider this rebellion not as a domestic opposition to Ataturk, but to the whole idea of Turkish state by the Kurdish populations in Eastern Anatolia. In this nature of the opposition we can clearly see two important mutually reinforcing conditions, which, in my opinion, made the Turkish reforms possible. First, by the time Ataturk came to power, the Turkish state had already eliminated all possible societal power bases, thanks to the Ottoman modernization. The Ottoman modernization had been driven by the necessities of the international military environment. With Russia alone, the Ottomans fought four major wars in the 19th century in 1806-1811, 1828-1829, 1853-1856, and 1877-1878. Internal rebellions especially in the Balkans paralyzed the Empire throughout the same century. The Ottomans survival as an independent political entity depended among other things on the intricate working of balance of power. Territorial losses and commercial concessions followed up every defeat in the field, the magnitude of which ultimately depended on the will of other powers involved. Though severely shaken by the tidal waves of every international military confrontation and internal problem, the Ottomans survived the 19th century. Against this background of ever-increasingly hostile international environment, uninterruptedly from the period of Mahmud II (1808-1839) on, the Ottomans tenaciously pursued reforms by all available means in the military, the administration, state finance, education and the legal system. After abolishing the Janissaries in 1826, Mahmud II established a new army upon European model. The successive Ottoman statesmen later expanded the army in size and updated it with the newest technology. In this vein, the Empire heavily imported arms supplies from Germany, Britain and France. Thus, the Ottoman Empire became â€Å"one of the most important markets for armaments in the world.† The Ottoman statesmen also hired foreign military personnel in the army, opened new military colleges, modernized the new reforms, and introduced conscription. If exhausted all domestic resources, the Ottoman statesmen sought for external financial resources from foreign governments and international finan cial institutions to continue the reforms. Eventually, the Ottoman government became so indebted that it declared bankruptcy in 1878, and deferred the collection of certain revenues to a European controlled institution, the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, in 1881. The success of the Ottoman modernization can be best seen in her performance in the First World War. The Ottoman Empire entered the war in November of 1914 on the side of the Central Powers. The Empire was the least populous and the most economically backward among the major powers of the war. In the words of a military historian, â€Å"By 1914, the Ottoman Empire had fallen far behind the European Great Powers in every category of resources necessary for the conduct of modern war.† Yet, the Empire fought in the war quite impressively. By far superior, Russia could not finish the war and succumbed into a revolution in 1917. Only when it became evident that the Germans lost the war, the Ottomans stopped fighting. As late as 1917 in the war, the Ottomans were still holding the southern frontiers against the British and the French. During the World War, the Ottoman Empire could mobilize more than two million troops, and could fight in five frontiers spreading over a vast area. Th e state could mobilize all resources of the country for the war efforts, not only through forceful means, but also through voluntary organizations. The strengthening of the state went in tandem with the weakening of other societal institutions. In fact, the Ottoman modernization truly started after Mahmud II eliminated two powerful groups in the Ottoman society: the janissaries and the local strong families, or the ayans. The bloody suppression of Seyh Said rebellion in 1925 was a part of this process of demilitarizing the society, by and large completed among the Turkish populations by the 1920s and was to be completed among the Kurdish populations by the end of the 1930s. Religious institutions also weakened in the face of ever-strengthening Turkish state. This was natural because the Ottoman modernization did not remain within the field of military, but spilled out into education and legal system, two strongholds of religious institutions. Neither Mahmud IIs reforms nor later reforms in fact meant a frontal attack on the privileges of the religious institutions. The Ottoman reforms did not eradicate all livelihoods of the Sun ni Ulema; instead they created a new space for the newly educated classes in parallel existence with the one existing for the Ulema. Religious courts and schools continued to work alo

Nutrition Essay -- Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

Nutrition is an important issue in my life for many reasons. The most important being my major, dental hygiene. I’ve taken a couple nutrition courses already. I also simply care for the fact that what we eat is associated with our health and how long we may live. Before I went to the website I didn’t expect to see many healthy benefits to eating McDonalds so I guess I was prepared. It said that McDonald’s food is linked to serious diseases because of the high fat and low fiber content. I know from my nutrition classes in the past that a low fiber diet is linked obesity, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, colon cancer, and many more things. I find it amusing that they can say that their food can be a valuable part of a balanced diet. I don’t think that they should be allowed to promote that in any way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the website I found a part on evidence talking about how McDonald’s is not being truthful to it’s customers. They lied about what goes into their Chicken McNuggets. They claimed that it was just chicken breast and thigh meat but it is actually chicken meat mixed with chicken skin and cooked in high-beef lard, which is absorbed into it. They also lied about being the first fast food chain to voluntarily give out the ingredients in their food. They didn’t do it voluntarily they were made to but not without a fight of course. So the question is why is McDonald’s trying to deceive their customers? I went to McDonald’s healthy eating policy on the website... Nutrition Essay -- Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet Nutrition is an important issue in my life for many reasons. The most important being my major, dental hygiene. I’ve taken a couple nutrition courses already. I also simply care for the fact that what we eat is associated with our health and how long we may live. Before I went to the website I didn’t expect to see many healthy benefits to eating McDonalds so I guess I was prepared. It said that McDonald’s food is linked to serious diseases because of the high fat and low fiber content. I know from my nutrition classes in the past that a low fiber diet is linked obesity, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, colon cancer, and many more things. I find it amusing that they can say that their food can be a valuable part of a balanced diet. I don’t think that they should be allowed to promote that in any way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the website I found a part on evidence talking about how McDonald’s is not being truthful to it’s customers. They lied about what goes into their Chicken McNuggets. They claimed that it was just chicken breast and thigh meat but it is actually chicken meat mixed with chicken skin and cooked in high-beef lard, which is absorbed into it. They also lied about being the first fast food chain to voluntarily give out the ingredients in their food. They didn’t do it voluntarily they were made to but not without a fight of course. So the question is why is McDonald’s trying to deceive their customers? I went to McDonald’s healthy eating policy on the website...

Italian Culture Healthcare and Education Essay

Italy is recognized around the world due to its decent cultural approach towards education, business, healthcare and society. Italian’s culture diligently maintains high standards of healthcare system as well as education systems which provide the best and affordable healthcare services and free educational opportunities to the people. Italian Culture towards Healthcare Italian culture towards healthcare is highly recognized due to the provision of high standards healthcare services and medical assistance at very low cost. Italian doctors are very devoted and expert in their profession and the healthcare treatment services are maintained at higher levels. It is wise thinking of Italians who prefer to cover their hospitalization and surgery cost through private health insurance providers which, of course, avoid inconvenience faced due to long waiting lists (â€Å"Healthcare in Italy†, Allianz). The official name of Italy’s Health System is ‘Servizio Sanitario Nazioanale’ which provides low cost healthcare services to the entire European citizens. The healthcare services include ‘in-patient’ treatments such as medications, tests, family doctor visits, surgeries during hospitalization and medical assistance provided by various medical specialists. Other healthcare services are too offered which include dental treatments, out-patient treatments and provision of medicines and drugs. The Italian culture mandates the health insurance for every foreigner which must cover the entire healthcare treatment from the arrival moment till the departure moment, failing which ‘permit to stay’ (permesso di soggiorno) is not granted (â€Å"Healthcare in Italy†, Allianz). Italian Culture towards Education Education in Italy is perceived to be an essential necessity of life. Italian’s culture has regulated education as a compulsory requirement for 6-16 years of children and free education is too granted to facilitate people. There are five grades in Italian’s educational system namely ‘Kindergarten / Playgroup (Scuola Maternal), Elementary School (Scuola Elementare), Middle School (Scuola Media), High School (Liceo) and University (Universita) (â€Å"Italy Education System†, Italiamia). The educational system in Italy consists of public and private standards. Both the standards are developed more progressively than UK and Germany educational systems. Various universities for postgraduate education have been established in Italy namely ‘University of Bologna’ which is the oldest university in Western and ‘La Sapienza University’ which is the biggest university in Italy (â€Å"Italy Education†, Maps of World). Italy’s educational system was constituted by ‘Legge Casati (Casati Act) in 1859. The vision of this act was to diminish illiteracy among children and enhance their learning needs. The single town regulates the primary education system, the province regulates the secondary education system and the state regulates the universities education system. The educational system was further streamlined by ‘Legge Gentile Act’ in 1923. The compulsory age of children for education was increased up to 14 years and option for promotion towards ‘Middle School’ was granted upon completion of five years primary education which could further be continued up to ‘High School’ (â€Å"Italy Education System†, Italiamia). Conclusion  Inadvertently, Italian culture towards healthcare and education is very appreciating and is a symbol of developed country of the world. Since, Italian culture has maintained the higher standards in healthcare and education systems; therefore, it is right to claim the Italy as one of the best country of the world which cares about the life of its people with love. In short, Italy’s healthcare and education culture should be adopted by every developing country in order to maintain good health and develop learning needs among people which will of course, benefit the same in the prosperity of a country.

The Star Math Assessment A Comprehensive Assessment Tool

STAR Math Assessment The STAR Math Assessment ® is a standardized comprehensive assessment tool that provides educators with a surplus of information. The assessment is generally administered three times throughout a school year to provide beginning, middle and end of year data concerning student progress. Educators have the option of assessing students more frequently, but are advised not to administer more than once per quarter. The test is divided into content strands, and provides scaled scores, percentile ranks, student growth percentiles, grade equivalence, and math instructional level. In addition the STAR ® software allows educators to generate student progress monitoring, growth, diagnostic, and instructional planning reports.†¦show more content†¦In addition to individual reports, educators may also generate instructional planning for a group of learners. This aspect of the assessment will aid in the action research as it will provide information vital to lesson planning and direction of the activities throughout the study. The individual reports will provide information concerning student understanding and mastery, allowing the researcher to monitor student progress throughout the study. It needs to be noted that the STAR test changes as students age, and during administration, responds according to student answers. When analyzing these scores, educators need to be cognizant to look for growth instead of changes in scores and ranks. Data Analysis In analyzing data I will utilize Maxwell’s Criteria for Validity of Qualitative Research. According to Job (2015), Maxwell’s criteria include the components of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. When pursuing credibility the researcher must consider the minute details of a study and search for emerging themes that are supported throughout the data. In this light I will seek to triangulate field note data with the data collected from the benchmark and